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- Hanås, Ragnar, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Indwelling catheters used from the onset of diabetes decrease injection pain and pre-injection anxiety
- 2002
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Ingår i: J Pediatr. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3476 .- 0022-3476 .- 1097-6833. ; 140:3, s. 315-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To investigate the use of indwelling catheters as injection aids at diabetes onset to reduce injection pain and pre-injection anxiety. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-one patients aged 8.1 +/- 3.7 years (range, 1-15) participated in this open, controlled randomized study. A 10-cm VAS with faces was used for scoring. A local anesthetic cream was used before all insertions. The control group used insulin pens with standard needles. After one week, the indwelling catheter group could choose regular injections but were included in the "intention to treat" analysis. RESULTS: Injection pain and anxiety decreased from day 1 to 15 in both groups (average, 4.1 injections/day). Pain was significantly lower for indwelling catheter injections when scored by parents (median, 1.2 cm vs 2.7 cm; P =.002), children/teenagers (0.8 cm vs 1.5 cm; P =.006), and nurses (1.4 cm vs 3.0 cm; P =.002). Parental pre-injection anxiety was also lower (1.2 cm vs 2.9 cm; P =.016). Taking injections, including inserting catheters, was found to be less problematic with an indwelling catheter (1.6 cm vs 3.3 cm;P =.009). During the 6-month follow-up, injection pain and injection problems were significantly lower in the catheter group. Mean catheter indwelling time was 3.7 days. Median pain for catheter insertion was 2.1 cm and for glucose testing was 0.9 cm. Sixteen of 20 patients continued to use indwelling catheters after 2 weeks, and 9 of 20 after 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: We found an evident relief of pre-injection anxiety and injection pain when using indwelling catheters for introducing insulin injections at the onset of diabetes.
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| 2. |
- Rantakyrö, F.T., et al.
(författare)
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Multifrequency interferometer and radio continuum monitoring observations of CTA 102
- 2003
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - Berlin : Springer. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 42:5, s. 473-485
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper represents the work of several years of observation of CTA 102 with both single dish telescopes andinterferometric arrays, covering wavelengths from 1.2 cm to 1.3 mm. The resolution of the maps covers an order of magnitudefrom 0.5 mas to 50 μas. The images presented demonstrate the rapid structural changes in this source. These rapid structuralchanges correlates with the outbursts seen in the total flux, turnover frequency and in the spectral index. We have calculated theBrightness Temperatures of the components (TB ) directly from the determined component sizes and also using the logarithmicvariability amplitudes and timescales to calculate the TB s. Both the methods yielded measurements of source frame T Bs nohigher than∼a few × 1012K. We find that the observed average proper motion is0.4 0.07 mas/yr, which corresponds to anapparent transverse velocity of 11± 2 c.
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