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| 2. |
- Edfeldt, Lennart, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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Non-echo planar diffusion-weighted MRI increases follow-up accuracy after one-step step canal wall-down obliteration surgery for cholesteatoma
- 2013
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Ingår i: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0001-6489 .- 1651-2251. ; 133:6, s. 574-583
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conclusion: Non-echo planar (non-EPI) diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) increases the number of detected cholesteatoma after one-step canal-wall down (CWD) obliteration surgery for cholesteatoma compared with clinical evaluation alone.Objective: To evaluate the use of DW-MRI for detection of cholesteatoma after surgical treatment using CWD obliteration technique.Methods: Thirty-eight adult patients (41 ears) treated with identical one-step canal-wall down obliteration surgical technique were included in a prospective and blinded study. All patients were investigated with non-EPI and EPI DW-MRI 1-9 months after the clinical examination. Follow-up time after primary surgery varied between 10 and 234 months. DW-MRI were assessed by two neuroradiologists and compared with clinical results. Inter-rater agreement was calculated. Positive non-EPI DW-MRI cases underwent revision surgery within 18-159 days after imaging.Results: Out of 41 cases seven were evaluated as positive for cholesteatoma on non-EPI DW-MRI. Since one patient refused surgery six of these seven cases underwent surgical revision and all were verified. There was agreement between clinical and non-EPI findings in five of eight cases. EPI findings correlated poorly with non-EPI and clinical findings. Inter-rater agreement (Cohen´s kappa) was 0.91 for non-EPIDW-MRI (p<0.001) and -0.062 for EPI DW-MRI (p=0.43)
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| 3. |
- Hanes, Niklas, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Amalgamation impacts on local growth : Are voluntary amalgamations more efficient than compulsory amalgamations?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Canadian journal of regional science. ; 33:1, s. 57-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to analyse amalgamation impacts on local population and income growth as well as whether voluntary amalgamations are more efficient compared to compulsory amalgamations. The empirical analysis is based on data for 1,005 Swedish municipalities for the period 1953-1959, i.e. a six-year period after the 1952 municipal reform. The reform was state imposed and 66 percent of the newly formed municipalities were amalgamated on a compulsory basis. The results show that amalgamations had a positive effect on population growth in small municipalities. The main finding in the paper is that municipalities formed on a voluntary basis had higher population growth compared to municipalities formed on a compulsory basis. One conclusion is that local opinions are important to consider when forming a new local government structure.
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| 4. |
- Hanes, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Municipal Preferences for State-imposed Amalgamations: : An Empirical Study Based on the Swedish Municipal Reform of 1952
- 2012
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Ingår i: Urban Studies. - London : SAGE Open. - 0042-0980 .- 1360-063X. ; 49:12, s. 2733-2750
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper concerns municipal preferences for state-imposed municipal amalgamations, focusing on factors that may explain municipal acceptance of, or objection to, a state-imposed amalgamation decision. The empirical analysis is based on the extensive municipal reform that occurred in Sweden in 1952, which reduced the number of municipalities from 2498 to 1037. In 66 per cent of the amalgamated cases, at least one municipality complained. The results show that income differences affected the willingness to amalgamate; high-income municipalities opposed amalgamation with less wealthy municipalities. The results also indicate that the size (absolute and relative) of the municipalities affected their willingness to amalgamate. Small and large municipalities were most likely to accept the amalgamation decision and equally sized municipalities were less likely to amalgamate voluntarily.
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| 5. |
- Hou, Chen
(författare)
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Proteomics and phylogenetics of the Gnetales
- 2014
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A central point of Darwin’s theory of evolution is that accumulation of many small changes during the evolutionary process can result in significant change over time. In light of his theory, plant scientists seek for and compare different plant traits among species e.g., from morphology, DNA or proteins in order to discover the underlying evolutionary patterns and processes. The Gnetales, an intriguing family that comprises Ephedra, Gnetum and Welwitschia, have puzzled scientists for over a century. Their features are evolutionarily difficult to understand in comparison with other seed plants and this has hampered analyses of evolution and phylogeny regardless of whether morphological or molecular data has been utilized. In this thesis, I first attempt (Paper I) to seek for a new evolutionary indicator; a protein profile from pollination drops of Ephedra is compiled, and the results are compared with those from conifers and other seed plants. The aim of this proteomic study was also to investigate whether proteomic profiles vary among Ephedra species and are affected by different selection factors, e.g., pollination mode, ovule protection etc. The results indicate, however, that proteins are present only in very small amounts in pollination drops of Ephedra, and mainly as waste products from degrading cells. This is surprising since proteins are considered important for defense of the naked ovules of gymnosperms, e.g., against pathogens. Pollination drops of Ephedra have a very high sugar concentration and it is possible that carbohydrates are responsible for ovule defense in Ephedra. The second chapter of my thesis (Paper II) is devoted to Gnetum; a phylogenetic study based on genetic markers derived from both nuclear ribosomal regions and chloroplast regions is conducted. Previous studies have been hampered by difficulties with outgroup comparison and homology assessments of informative gene regions. A few attempts have been made to estimate the deepest splits in the genus, all with a limited ingroup sampling. We address the phylogeny of Gnetum and make a first assessment of the monophyly of species, using a denser sampling of taxa and a combination of faster and more slowly evolving molecular markers. The results are discussed in comparison with previous classification and morphology, and will provide a basis for further studies of taxonomy, ecology, and biogeography in Gnetum.
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| 6. |
- Manns, Ulrika, et al.
(författare)
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HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE PREDOMINANTLY NEOTROPICAL SUBFAMILY CINCHONOIDEAE (RUBIACEAE) : INTO OR OUT OF AMERICA?
- 2012
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Ingår i: International journal of plant sciences. - : University of Chicago Press. - 1058-5893 .- 1537-5315. ; 173:3, s. 261-289
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Rubiaceae is the fifth largest plant family and is found on all continents, mostly in (sub-)tropical regions. Despite a large representation of Rubiaceae in the Paleotropics, the subfamily Cinchonoideae has its primary distribution in the Neotropics. Within the Cinchonoideae only two tribes, Naucleeae and Hymenodictyeae, have Paleotropical centers of distribution. In this study, we used information from five chloroplast DNA markers and fossil data to investigate when the subfamily was established in the Neotropics as well as major subsequent dispersal events within and out of the Neotropics and within the Paleotropics. Our results show that the ancestor of Cinchonoideae and its sister, Ixoroideae, was present in South America during the Late Cretaceous. Dispersal to Central America was estimated to occur during the Early Paleocene, and subsequent dispersals to the Caribbean islands occurred during the Oligocene-Miocene. The ancestor of Naucleeae and Hymenodictyeae dispersed to the Paleotropics no later than the Eocene, and the findings of fossils of Cephalanthus in Europe and western Siberia support its presence in the boreotropical forests. Long-distance, trans-Pacific dispersal during the Miocene was indicated for the remaining Paleotropical Cinchonoideae.
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| 7. |
- Razafimandimbison, Sylvain G., et al.
(författare)
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PHYLOGENY AND GENERIC LIMITS IN THE SISTER TRIBES PSYCHOTRIEAE AND PALICOUREEAE (RUBIACEAE) : EVOLUTION OF SCHIZOCARPS IN PSYCHOTRIA AND ORIGINS OF BACTERIAL LEAF NODULES OF THE MALAGASY SPECIES
- 2014
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Ingår i: American Journal of Botany. - : Wiley. - 0002-9122 .- 1537-2197. ; 101:7, s. 1102-1126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Premise of the study: The pantropical, species-rich Psychotrieae and Palicoureeae are sister tribes of mostly drupe-bearing and nonbacterial leaf-nodulating species with problematic generic limits. This problem is more complicated in Psychotrieae due to the paraphyly of the genus Psychotria, the lack of diagnostic characters for some major lineages, and the poor sampling from some biodiversity hotspots. Schizocarps and bacterial leaf nodules have been used for recognizing formal groups in Psychotrieae, but their evolution and taxonomic value have not been studied using a robust phylogeny of the tribe. Methods: We analyzed 287 samples from the entire ranges of the tribes, with particular emphasis on the Western Indian Ocean region, with the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Key results: All allied Psychotria genera investigated are nested within a paraphyletic Psychotria. Schizocarps evolved independently two times within Psychotria, and one reversal back to the drupaceous condition is inferred. The Malagasy leaf-nodulated Psychotrieae (except Apomuria bullata) and the Comorian non-leaf-nodulated Psychotria conocarpa are nested within the (African) leaf-nodulated clade. Within Palicoureeae, Chassalia is paraphyletic with respect to Geophila sensu stricto, and the Malagasy Geophila gerrardii and the African Hymenocoleus are closely related. Conclusions: A widely circumscribed Psychotria encompassing the entire Psychotrieae is supported. Within Psychotria, two separate origins of schizocarps from drupes, one reversal back to the drupaceous condition, and two independent origins of the Malagasy leafnodulated species are inferred. A new genus Puffia is described to accommodate Geophila gerrardii, and a narrow circumscription of Chassalia is adopted. Thirty-two new combinations, two lectotypifications, and 25 new names are presented.
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| 8. |
- Smedmark, Jenny E. E., et al.
(författare)
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Inferring geographic range evolution of a pantropical tribe in the coffee family (Lasiantheae, Rubiaceae) in the face of topological uncertainty
- 2014
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Ingår i: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. - : Elsevier BV. - 1055-7903 .- 1095-9513. ; 70, s. 182-194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we explore what historical biogeographic events are responsible for the wide and disjunct distribution of extant species in Lasiantheae, a pantropical group of trees and shrubs in the coffee family. Three of the genera in the group, Lasianthus, Saldinia, and Trichostachys, are found to be monophyletic, while there are indications that the fourth, Ronabea, is paraphyletic. We also address how the uncertainty in topology and divergence times affects the level of confidence in the biogeographic reconstruction. A data set consisting of chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA data was analyzed using a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock approach to estimate phylogenetic relationships and divergence times, and the dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis (DEC) method to reconstruct geographic range evolution. Our results show that the Lasiantheae stem lineage originated in the neotropics, and the group expanded its range to the palaeotropics during the Eocene, either by continental migration through the boreotropics or by transatlantic long-distance dispersal. Two cases of Oligocene/Miocene over water-dispersal were also inferred, once from the paleotropics to the neotropics within Lasianthus, and once to Madagascar, concurrent with the origin of Saldinia. A lot of the diversification within Lasianthus took place during the Miocene and may have been influenced by climatic factors such as a period of markedly warm and moist climate in Asia and the aridification of the interior of the African continent. When biogeographic reconstructions were averaged over a random sample of 1000 dated phylogenies, the confidence in the biogeographic reconstruction decreased for most nodes, compared to when a single topology was used. A good understanding of phylogenetic relationships is necessary to understand the biogeographic history of a group, bit since the phylogeny is rarely completely known it is important to include phylogenetic uncertainty in biogeographic analysis. For nodes where the resolution is uncertain, the use of a single best topology as a basis for biogeographic analysis will result in inflated confidence in a biogeographic reconstruction which may be just one of several possible reconstructions.
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| 9. |
- Wikström, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Historical biogeography of the coffee family (Rubiaceae, Gentianales) in Madagascar : case studies from the tribes Knoxieae, Naucleeae, Paederieae and Vanguerieae
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Biogeography. - : Wiley. - 0305-0270 .- 1365-2699. ; 37:6, s. 1094-1113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim In Madagascar the family Rubiaceae includes an estimated 650 species representing 95 genera. As many as 98% of the species and 30% of the genera are endemic. Several factors make the Rubiaceae a model system for developing an understanding of the origins of the Malagasy flora. Ancestral area distributions are explicitly reconstructed for four tribes (Knoxieae, Naucleeae, Paederieae and Vanguerieae) with the aim of understanding how many times, and from where, these groups have originated in Madagascar. Location Indian Ocean Basin, with a focus on Madagascar. Methods Bayesian phylogenetic analyses are conducted on the four tribes. The results are used for reconstructing ancestral areas using dispersal-vicariance analyses. Phylogenetic uncertainties in the reconstructions are accounted for by conducting all analyses on the posterior distribution from the analyses. Results Altogether, 11 arrivals in Madagascar (one in Paederieae, five in Knoxieae, three in Vanguerieae, and two in Naucleeae) are reconstructed. The most common pattern is a dispersal event (followed by vicariance) from Eastern Tropical Africa. The Naucleeae and Paederieae in Madagascar differ and originate from Asia. Numerous out-of-Madagascar dispersals, mainly in the dioecious Vanguerieae, are reconstructed. Main conclusions The four tribes arrived several times in Madagascar via dispersal events from Eastern Tropical Africa, Southern Africa and Tropical Asia. The presence of monophyletic groups that include a number of species only found in Madagascar indicates that much endemism in the tribes results from speciation events occurring well after their arrival in Madagascar. Madagascar is the source of origin for almost all Rubiaceae found on the neighbouring islands of the Comoros, Mascarenes and Seychelles.
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| 10. |
- Wikström, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Phylogeny of Hedyotis L. (Rubiaceae Spermacoceae) : Redefining a complex Asian-Pacific assemblage
- 2013
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Ingår i: Taxon. - : Wiley. - 0040-0262 .- 1996-8175. ; 62:2, s. 357-374
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The genus Hedyotis (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae) has long served as a repository for tropical herbaceous species that do not fit readily into other genera. Circumscribed broadly the genus becomes a highly heterogeneous assembly, but relationships of Hedyotis have been difficult to resolve and it has proven very difficult to circumscribe the genus in a more narrow sense. Here we present Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of Hedyotis using plastid (rps16, petD) and nuclear (ITS, ETS) sequence data to resolve monophyletic lineages, to test former taxonomic hypotheses, and to revise the taxa within a well-supported evolutionary framework. Four hundred and sixty-seven sequences representing 129 accessions, never previously included in any phylogenetic analyses, are newly reported. Hedyotis, as previously circumscribed, is polyphyletic, but all investigated species, except for Hedyotis coronaria, are resolved in one of three well-supported monophyletic groups. The largest clade includes all investigated species of Hedyotis from the Indian subcontinent as well as three groups of species with primarily Chinese distributions. The type species of Hedyotis (H. fruticosa) is resolved with the Indian subcontinent species and following previous suggestions this group is referred to as Hedyotis s.str. Species currently recognized under the generic names Metabolos and Pleiocraterium are resolved in Hedyotis s.str. The second-largest group comprises a series of smaller, but well-supported, clades including the Leptopetalum clade, the genus Kadua, an unnamed group distributed in Asia and the Pacific, and a large Asian group referred to here as the ExallagelDimetia clade. The third group includes a few SE Asian Hedyotis, as well as all investigated species of the genus Neanotis. Hedyotis coronaria is not closely related to other species from Asia and is resolved with Spern2acoce hispida. The analyses indicate that diplophragmous capsules and fruticosa-type seeds occur outside of Hedyotis s.str., and several species suggested to have these features are resolved in the ExallagelDimetia clade. Species suggested to have indehiscent capsules, a feature used by Bremekamp to characterize the genus Exallage, are also resolved in both the ExallagelDimetia clade and in Hedyotis s.str., but a close examination indicates that the capsules are not truly indehiscent in the Hedyotis s.str. species. One species of Metabolos and one species of Pleiocraterium are given new species names, and one species of Pleiocrateriam is transferred to Hedyotis and three species of Hedyotis are transferred to Neanotis.
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