| 1. |
- Lewis, Cathryn M, et al.
(författare)
-
Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part II : Schizophrenia
- 2003
-
Ingår i: American Journal of Human Genetics. - 0002-9297 .- 1537-6605. ; 73:1, s. 34-48
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Schizophrenia is a common disorder with high heritability and a 10-fold increase in risk to siblings of probands. Replication has been inconsistent for reports of significant genetic linkage. To assess evidence for linkage across studies, rank-based genome scan meta-analysis (GSMA) was applied to data from 20 schizophrenia genome scans. Each marker for each scan was assigned to 1 of 120 30-cM bins, with the bins ranked by linkage scores (1 = most significant) and the ranks averaged across studies (R(avg)) and then weighted for sample size (N(sqrt)[affected casess]). A permutation test was used to compute the probability of observing, by chance, each bin's average rank (P(AvgRnk)) or of observing it for a bin with the same place (first, second, etc.) in the order of average ranks in each permutation (P(ord)). The GSMA produced significant genomewide evidence for linkage on chromosome 2q (PAvgRnk<.000417). Two aggregate criteria for linkage were also met (clusters of nominally significant P values that did not occur in 1,000 replicates of the entire data set with no linkage present): 12 consecutive bins with both P(AvgRnk) and P(ord)<.05, including regions of chromosomes 5q, 3p, 11q, 6p, 1q, 22q, 8p, 20q, and 14p, and 19 consecutive bins with P(ord)<.05, additionally including regions of chromosomes 16q, 18q, 10p, 15q, 6q, and 17q. There is greater consistency of linkage results across studies than has been previously recognized. The results suggest that some or all of these regions contain loci that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia in diverse populations.
|
|
| 2. |
- Loren, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
-
Phase separation induced by conformational ordering of gelatin in gelatin/maltodextrin mixtures
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Macromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0024-9297 .- 1520-5835. ; 34:2, s. 289-297
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mixtures of gelatin and maltodextrin in aqueous solution have been quenched to temperatures at which they are initially miscible but where gelatin ordering is initiated. In many cases phase separation was observed to occur after a significant time delay, and the dependence of these delays on quench temperature and biopolymer concentration has been studied in detail using turbidity measurements and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Furthermore, by observing the optical rotation (OR) and turbidity of the system simultaneously, the gelatin helix content and the time delay before the onset of phase separation were monitored concurrently. The observed delay times were found to correspond to the time taken for the development of a certain degree of gelatin ordering, which drives the separation process. A further consequence of gelatin ordering is the viscosifying of the solution and, at sufficient concentrations, the formation of a gel. Therefore, rheological measurements have been used in addition to turbidity measurements and CLSM in order to monitor further the structural development of the systems. A comparison of the data obtained from these techniques shows that while the development of a certain elasticity will trap the system morphology, this elasticity is not directly related to that found at the gel point. At low maltodextrin concentrations, where phase separation was not detected by turbidity, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been used to examine the microstructure on a smaller length scale.
|
|
| 3. |
- Williams, M.A.K., et al.
(författare)
-
Kinetics of droplet growth in gelatin/maltodextrin mixtures following thermal quenching
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 17:11, s. 3412-3418
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rates of droplet growth, following the thermal quenching of gelatin/maltodextrin mixtures into the incompatible region of the phase diagram, have been obtained from turbidity measurements. The results from experiments carried out at temperatures that prohibit the involvement of biopolymer conformational ordering and gelation are in good agreement with those obtained by similar studies of binary synthetic polymer systems and with theoretical predictions. For mixtures that would phase separate at temperatures above the gelatin ordering temperature (T0) but which are quenched directly to temperatures below this, droplet growth shows modified kinetics owing primarily to restrictions imposed by the viscosifying continuous phase. However, for a mixture that was initially observed to be miscible following quenches to temperatures below T0, it is proposed that biopolymer ordering induces phase separation, which was found to occur after significant delay periods.
|
|
