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- Kohrgruber, N, et al.
(författare)
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Survival, maturation, and function of CD11c- and CD11c+ peripheral blood dendritic cells are differentially regulated by cytokines
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of Immunology. - : American association of immunologists. - 0022-1767 .- 1550-6606. ; 163:6, s. 3250-3259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two types of dendritic cells (DC) are circulating in human blood and can be identified by their differential expression of the myeloid Ag CD11c. In this study, we show that CD11c- peripheral blood (PB)-DC correspond to plasmacytoid DC of lymphoid tissue not only by their surface Ag expression profile but, more impressively, by their peculiar ultramorphology. We also demonstrate that CD11c- and CD11c+ DC differ in the quality of their response to and in their requirement for certain cytokines. Freshly isolated CD11c- cells depend on IL-3 for survival and use autocrine or exogenous TNF-alpha as maturation signal, leading to the appearance of a highly dendritic phenotype, the up-regulation and redistribution of MHC class II from lysosomal compartments to the plasma membrane, the increased expression of costimulatory molecules, and the switch from a high Ag-processing to a low Ag-processing/potent accessory cell mode. Surprisingly, IL-4 efficiently killed freshly isolated CD11c- PB-DC, but did not impair the viability of CD11c+ PB-DC and, together with GM-CSF, induced maturation of these cells. A direct functional comparison revealed that neo-Ag-modified and subsequently matured CD11c- but to a lesser extent CD11c+ DC were able to prime naive Ag-specific CD4+ T cells. Our findings show that two diverse DC types respond to certain T cell-derived cytokines in a differential manner and, thus, suggest that suppression or activation of functionally diverse DC types may be a novel mechanism for the regulation of the quantity and quality of immune responses.
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- Rubel, M., et al.
(författare)
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Silicon fluxes in the scrape-off layer plasma during silicon-assisted operation of TEXTOR
- 1995
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Ingår i: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 220-222, s. 536-540
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Surface collector probes were applied at TEXTOR for the investigation of silicon fluxes in the scrape-off layer during the first silicon-assisted (silane puffing, siliconization) operation of a tokamak. Probe exposures were made in order to measure the evolution of Si fluxes and the influence of silicon on the behaviour of other impurity fluxes like boron, oxygen and metals. Studies were performed under different conditions: heating mode, plasma density and gas filling. Comparative exposures were made before introduction of Si into the machine as well as immediately and long time after the siliconization. The exposed graphite samples were examined by surface analysis techniques, including Auger electron and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopies, nuclear reaction analysis and ultra-high resolution microscopies. The most important findings are concerned with: (i) the relation between silicon to carbon and silicon to oxygen in the deposits; (ii) the change in radial profiles of Si, B and D fluxes during consecutive stages of the silicon-assisted operation, and the retention of deuterium in the Si containing codeposited layers. The influence of plasma density on the fluxes is considered and gettering of oxygen by silicon is also addressed. Comparison is also made to the results of VUV spectroscopy signals of silicon and oxygen impurities in the plasma.
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