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- Aad, G, et al.
(författare)
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- 2015
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swepub:Mat__t
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- Lotze, Heike K., et al.
(författare)
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Global ensemble projections reveal trophic amplification of ocean biomass declines with climate change
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 116:26, s. 12907-12912
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While the physical dimensions of climate change are now routinely assessed through multimodel intercomparisons, projected impacts on the global ocean ecosystem generally rely on individual models with a specific set of assumptions. To address these single-model limitations, we present standardized ensemble projections from six global marine ecosystem models forced with two Earth system models and four emission scenarios with and without fishing. We derive average biomass trends and associated uncertainties across the marine food web. Without fishing, mean global animal biomass decreased by 5% (+/- 4% SD) under low emissions and 17% (+/- 11% SD) under high emissions by 2100, with an average 5% decline for every 1 degrees C of warming. Projected biomass declines were primarily driven by increasing temperature and decreasing primary production, and were more pronounced at higher trophic levels, a process known as trophic amplification. Fishing did not substantially alter the effects of climate change. Considerable regional variation featured strong biomass increases at high latitudes and decreases at middle to low latitudes, with good model agreement on the direction of change but variable magnitude. Uncertainties due to variations in marine ecosystem and Earth system models were similar. Ensemble projections performed well compared with empirical data, emphasizing the benefits of multimodel inference to project future outcomes. Our results indicate that global ocean animal biomass consistently declines with climate change, and that these impacts are amplified at higher trophic levels. Next steps for model development include dynamic scenarios of fishing, cumulative human impacts, and the effects of management measures on future ocean biomass trends.
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- Mascarell, L., et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of oral immune cells in birch pollen-allergic patients: impact of the oral allergy syndrome and sublingual allergen immunotherapy on antigen-presenting cells
- 2015
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Ingår i: Allergy. - : Wiley. - 0105-4538. ; 70:4, s. 408-419
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: A detailed characterization of human oral immune cells is needed to better understand local mechanisms associated with allergen capture following oral exposure. Methods: Oral immune cells were characterized by immunohistology and immunofluorescence in biopsies obtained from three healthy individuals and 23 birch pollen-allergic patients with/without oral allergy syndrome (OAS), at baseline and after 5 months of sublingual allergen immunotherapy (AIT). Results: Similar cell subsets (i.e., dendritic cells, mast cells, and T lymphocytes) were detected in oral tissues from healthy and birch pollen-allergic individuals. CD207(+) Langerhans cells (LCs) and CD11c(+) myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) were found in both the epithelium and the papillary layer of the Lamina propria (LP), whereas CD68(+) macrophages, CD117(+) mast cells, and CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells were rather located in both the papillary and reticular layers of the LP. Patterns of oral immune cells were identical in patients with/without OAS, except lower numbers of CD207(+) LCs found in oral tissues from patients with OAS, when compared to OAS(-) patients (P < 0.05). A 5-month sublingual AIT had a limited impact on oral immune cells, with only a significant increase in IgE(+) cells in patients from the active group. Colocalization experiments confirmed that such IgE-expressing cells mostly encompass CD68(+) macrophages located in the LP, and to a lesser extent CD207(+) LCs in the epithelium. Conclusion: Two cell subsets contribute to antigen/allergen uptake in human oral tissues, including (i) CD207(+) LCs possibly involved in the physiopathology of OAS and (ii) CD68(+) macrophages likely critical in allergen capture via IgE-facilitated mechanisms during sublingual AIT.
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