| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Weinstein, John N., et al.
(författare)
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The cancer genome atlas pan-cancer analysis project
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 45:10, s. 1113-1120
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network has profiled and analyzed large numbers of human tumors to discover molecular aberrations at the DNA, RNA, protein and epigenetic levels. The resulting rich data provide a major opportunity to develop an integrated picture of commonalities, differences and emergent themes across tumor lineages. The Pan-Cancer initiative compares the first 12 tumor types profiled by TCGA. Analysis of the molecular aberrations and their functional roles across tumor types will teach us how to extend therapies effective in one cancer type to others with a similar genomic profile. © 2013 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- An, Junghwa, et al.
(författare)
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Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 October 2009-30 November 2009
- 2010
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Ingår i: Molecular Ecology Resources. - : Wiley. - 1755-098X .- 1755-0998. ; 10:2, s. 404-408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article documents the addition of 411 microsatellite marker loci and 15 pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Acanthopagrus schlegeli, Anopheles lesteri, Aspergillus clavatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus, Branchiostoma japonicum, Branchiostoma belcheri, Colias behrii, Coryphopterus personatus, Cynogolssus semilaevis, Cynoglossus semilaevis, Dendrobium officinale, Dendrobium officinale, Dysoxylum malabaricum, Metrioptera roeselii, Myrmeciza exsul, Ochotona thibetana, Neosartorya fischeri, Nothofagus pumilio, Onychodactylus fischeri, Phoenicopterus roseus, Salvia officinalis L., Scylla paramamosain, Silene latifo, Sula sula, and Vulpes vulpes. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Aspergillus giganteus, Colias pelidne, Colias interior, Colias meadii, Colias eurytheme, Coryphopterus lipernes, Coryphopterus glaucofrenum, Coryphopterus eidolon, Gnatholepis thompsoni, Elacatinus evelynae, Dendrobium loddigesii Dendrobium devonianum, Dysoxylum binectariferum, Nothofagus antarctica, Nothofagus dombeyii, Nothofagus nervosa, Nothofagus obliqua, Sula nebouxii, and Sula variegata. This article also documents the addition of 39 sequencing primer pairs and 15 allele specific primers or probes for Paralithodes camtschaticus.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Wang, Hui, et al.
(författare)
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On the Structure of alpha-BiFeO3
- 2013
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Ingår i: Inorganic Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0020-1669 .- 1520-510X. ; 52:5, s. 2388-2392
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polycrystalline and monocrystalline alpha-BiFeO3 crystals have been synthesized by solid state reaction and flux growth method, respectively. X-ray, neutron, and electron diffraction techniques are used to study the crystallographic and magnetic structure of alpha-BiFeO3. The present data show that alpha-BiFeO3 crystallizes in space group PI with a = 0.563 17(1) nm, b = 0.563 84(1) nm, c = 0.563 70(1) nm, alpha = 59.33(1)degrees, beta = 59.35(1)degrees, gamma = 59.38(1)degrees, and the magnetic structure of alpha-BiFeO3 can be described by space group PI with magnetic modulation vector in reciprocal space q = 0.0045a* - 0.0045b*, which is the magnetic structure model proposed by I. Sosnowska(1) applied to the new PI crystal symmetry of alpha-BiFeO3
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Chen, Si, et al.
(författare)
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A graphene field-effect capacitor sensor in electrolyte
- 2012
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 101:15, s. 154106-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The unique electronic properties of graphene are exploited for field-effect sensing in both capacitor and transistor modes when operating the sensor device in electrolyte. The device is fabricated using large-area graphene thin films prepared by means of layer-by-layer stacking. Although essentially the same device, its operation in the capacitor mode is found to yield more information than in the transistor mode. The capacitor sensor can simultaneously detect the variations of surface potential and electrical-double-layer capacitance at the graphene/electrolyte interface when altering the ion concentration. The capacitor-mode operation further facilitates studies of the molecular binding-adsorption kinetics by monitoring the capacitance transient
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| 9. |
- Ding, Liang-Hui, et al.
(författare)
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Lifetime maximization routing with network coding in wireless multihop networks
- 2013
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Ingår i: SCIENCE CHINA-INFORMATION SCIENCES. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1674-733X .- 1869-1919. ; 56:2, s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we consider the lifetime maximization routing with network coding in wireless multihop networks. We first show that lifetime maximization with network coding is different from pure routing, throughput maximization with network coding and energy minimization with network coding. Then we formulate lifetime maximization problems in three different cases of (i) no network coding, (ii) two-way network coding, and (iii) overhearing network coding. To solve these problems, we use flow augmenting routing (FA) for the first case, and then extend the FA with network coding (FANC) by using energy minimized one-hop network coding. After that, we investigate the influence of parameters of FANC, evaluate the performance of FANC with two-way and overhearing network coding schemes and compare it with that without network coding under two different power control models, namely, protocol and physical ones. The results show that the lifetime can be improved significantly by using network coding, and the performance gain of network coding decreases with the increase of flow asymmetry and the power control ability.
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| 10. |
- Dong, Yaa-Hui, et al.
(författare)
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Use of Inhaled Corticosteroids in Patients With COPD and the Risk of TB and Influenza A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
- 2014
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Ingår i: Chest. - : Elsevier BV. - 1931-3543 .- 0012-3692. ; 145:6, s. 1286-1297
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia in patients with COPD. However the risks of other respiratory infections such as TB and influenza remain unclear. Methods: Through a comprehensive literature search of MEDLINE EMBASE CINAHL Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to July 2013 we identified randomized controlled trials of ICS therapy lasting at least 6 months. We conducted meta-analyses by the Peto Mantel-Haenszel and Bayesian approaches to generate summary estimates comparing ICS with non-ICS treatment on the risk of TB and influenza. Results: Twenty-five trials (22,898 subjects) for TB and 26 trials (23,616 subjects) for influenza were included. Compared with non-ICS treatment ICS treatment was associated with a significantly higher risk of TB (Peto OR 2.29 95% CI 1.04-5.03) but not influenza (Peto OR 1.24 95% CI 0.94-1.63). Results were similar with each meta-analytic approach. Furthermore the number needed to harm to cause one additional TB event was lower for patients with COPD treated with ICSs in endemic areas than for those in nonendemic areas (909 vs 1,667 respectively). Conclusions: This study raises safety concerns about the risk of TB and influenza associated with ICS use in patients with COPD which deserve further investigation.
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