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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
- Aad, G, et al.
(författare)
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- 2015
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swepub:Mat__t
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| 4. |
- Fang, Aoqi, et al.
(författare)
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High Color Conversion Efficiency Realized in Graphene-Connected Nanorod Micro-LEDs Using Hybrid Ag Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots
- 2024
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Ingår i: Advanced Optical Materials. - 2195-1071. ; In Press
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, a uniform nanorod (NR) array is etched onto the surface of Micro-Light-Emitting-Diodes (µLEDs) and mix Ag nanoparticles (NPs) with QDs to fill the gaps between the nanorods. Simultaneously, the study utilizes graphene to connect individual nanorods and enhance current spreading. The nanorod array's structure significantly reduces the distance between the QDs and the quantum well (QW), reducing energy loss from the excitation light source through a non-radiative energy transfer (NRET) mechanism. Additionally, the Ag NPs function as localized surface plasmons (LSPs), further enhancing the CCE of QDs via the absorption resonance. In this study, the effects of two types of Ag NPs are compared with different absorption resonance peaks on device performance. The results demonstrate that Ag NPs with absorption resonance peaks matching the emission wavelength of QDs play a more crucial role in the system. This configuration achieves a CCE of 77.78% for µLEDs with nanorod arrays, operating at a current of 10 mA. Compared to the conventional µLED structure with QDs only on the surface, the proposed method improves the CCE of µLEDs by an impressive 86.5%. This outcome underscores the significant contribution of the NR structure and LSPs in enhancing the CCE of QD-µLEDs.
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| 5. |
- Gu, Peng, et al.
(författare)
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A metabolite from commensal Candida albicans enhances the bactericidal activity of macrophages and protects against sepsis
- 2023
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Ingår i: Cellular & Molecular Immunology. - London : Nature Publishing Group. - 1672-7681 .- 2042-0226. ; 20:10, s. 1156-1170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gut microbiome is recognized as a key modulator of sepsis development. However, the contribution of the gut mycobiome to sepsis development is still not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that the level of Candida albicans was markedly decreased in patients with bacterial sepsis, and the supernatant of Candida albicans culture significantly decreased the bacterial load and improved sepsis symptoms in both cecum ligation and puncture (CLP)-challenged mice and Escherichia coli-challenged pigs. Integrative metabolomics and the genetic engineering of fungi revealed that Candida albicans-derived phenylpyruvate (PPA) enhanced the bactericidal activity of macrophages and reduced organ damage during sepsis. Mechanistically, PPA directly binds to sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production for eventual bacterial clearance. Importantly, PPA enhanced the bacterial clearance capacity of macrophages in sepsis patients and was inversely correlated with the severity of sepsis in patients. Our findings highlight the crucial contribution of commensal fungi to bacterial disease modulation and expand our understanding of the host-mycobiome interaction during sepsis development. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to CSI and USTC.
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| 6. |
- Guo, Junji, et al.
(författare)
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Self-Driven Electrochromic Window System Cu/WOx-Al3+/GR with Dynamic Optical Modulation and Static Graph Display Functions
- 2022
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 14:8, s. 10517-10525
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrochromic devices with unique advantages of electrical/optical bistability are highly desired for energy-saving and information storage applications. Here, we put forward a self-driven AI-ion electrochromic system, which utilizes WOx films, Cu foil, and graphite rod as electrochromic optical modulation and graph display electrodes, coloration potential supplying electrodes, and bleaching potential supplying electrodes, respectively. The inactive Cu electrode can not only realize the effective Al3+ cation intercalation into electrochromic WOx electrodes but also eliminate the problem of metal anode consumption. The electrochromic WOx electrodes cycled in Al3+ aqueous media exhibit a wide potential window (similar to 1.5 V), high coloration efficiency (36.0 cm(2)/C), and super-long-term cycle stability (>2000 cycles). The dynamic optical modulation and static graph display function can be achieved independently only by switching the electrode connection mode, thus bringing more features to this electrochromic system. For a large-area electrochromic system (10 x 10 cm(2)), the absolute transmittance value in its color-neutral state can reach about 41% (27%) at 633 nm (780 nm) by connecting the Cu and WOx electrodes for 140 s. The original transparent state can be readily recovered by replacing the Cu foil with the graphite rod. This work throws light on next-generation electrochromic applications for optical/thermal modulation, privacy protection, and information display.
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| 7. |
- Guo, Junji, et al.
(författare)
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Unprecedented Electrochromic Stability of a-WO3-x Thin Films Achieved by Using a Hybrid-Cationic Electrolyte
- 2021
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 13:9, s. 11067-11077
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With large interstitial space volumes and fast ion diffusion pathways, amorphous metal oxides as cathodic intercalation materials for electrochromic devices have attracted attention. However, these incompact thin films normally suffer from two inevitable imperfections: self-deintercalation of guest ions and poor stability of the structure, which constitute a big obstacle toward the development of high-stable commercial applications. Here, we present a low-cost, eco-friendly hybrid cation 1,2-PG-AlCl3 center dot 6H(2)O electrolyte, in which the sputter-deposited a-WO3-x thin film can exhibit both the long-desired excellent open-circuit memory (>100 h, with zero optical loss) and super-long cycling lifetime (similar to 20,000 cycles, with 80% optical modulation), benefiting from the formation of unique Al-hydroxide-based solid electrolyte interphase during electrochromic operations. In addition, the optical absorption behaviors in a-WO3-x caused by host-guest interactions were elaborated. We demonstrated that the intervalence transfers are primarily via the "corner-sharing" related path (W5+ <-> W6+) but not the "edge-sharing" related paths (W4+ <-> W6+ and/or W4+ <-> W5+), and the small polaron/electron transfers taking place at the W-O bond-breaking positions are not allowed. Our findings might provide in-depth insights into the nature of electrochromism and provide a significant step in the realization of more stable, more excellent electrochromic applications based on amorphous metal oxides.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Liu, Kui, et al.
(författare)
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Kallikrein genes are associated with lupus and glomerular basement membrane-specific antibody-induced nephritis in mice and humans
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Investigation. - 0021-9738 .- 1558-8238. ; 119:4, s. 911-923
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Immune-mediated nephritis contributes to disease in systemic lupus erythematosus, Goodpasture syndrome (caused by antibodies specific for glomerular basement membrane [anti-GBM antibodies]), and spontaneous lupus nephritis. Inbred mouse strains differ in susceptibility to anti-GBM antibody-induced and spontaneous lupus nephritis. This study sought to clarify the genetic and molecular factors that maybe responsible for enhanced immune-mediated renal disease in these models. When the kidneys of 3 mouse strains sensitive to anti-GBM antibody-induced nephritis were compared with those of 2 control strains using microarray analysis, one-fifth of the underexpressed genes belonged to the kallikrein gene family,which encodes serine esterases. Mouse strains that upregulated renal and urinary kallikreins exhibited less evidence of disease. Antagonizing the kallikrein pathway augmented disease, while agonists dampened the severity of anti-GBM antibody-induced nephritis. In addition, nephritis-sensitive mouse strains had kallikrein haplotypes that were distinct from those of control strains, including several regulatory polymorphisms,some of which were associated with functional consequences. Indeed, increased susceptibility to anti-GBM antibody-induced nephritis and spontaneous lupus nephritis was achieved by breeding mice with a genetic interval harboring the kallikrein genes onto a disease-resistant background. Finally, both human SLE and spontaneous lupus nephritis were found to be associated with kallikrein genes, particularly KLK1 and the KLK3 promoter, when DNA SNPs from independent cohorts of SLE patients and controls were compared. Collectively, these studies suggest that kallikreins are protective disease-associated genes in anti-GBM antibody-induced nephritis and lupus.
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| 10. |
- Liu, Ke, et al.
(författare)
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X Chromosome Dose and Sex Bias in Autoimmune Diseases
- 2016
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Ingår i: Arthritis & Rheumatology. - : WILEY-BLACKWELL. - 2326-5191 .- 2326-5205. ; 68:5, s. 1290-1300
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. More than 80% of autoimmune disease predominantly affects females, but the mechanism for this female bias is poorly understood. We suspected that an X chromosome dose effect accounts for this, and we undertook this study to test our hypothesis that trisomy X (47, XXX; occurring in similar to 1 in 1,000 live female births) would be increased in patients with female-predominant diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], primary Sjogrens syndrome [SS], primary biliary cirrhosis, and rheumatoid arthritis [RA]) compared to patients with diseases without female predominance (sarcoidosis) and compared to controls. Methods. All subjects in this study were female. We identified subjects with 47, XXX using aggregate data from single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and, when possible, we confirmed the presence of 47, XXX using fluorescence in situ hybridization or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results. We found 47, XXX in 7 of 2,826 SLE patients and in 3 of 1,033 SS patients, but in only 2 of 7,074 controls (odds ratio in the SLE and primary SS groups 8.78 [95% confidence interval 1.67-86.79], P = 0.003 and odds ratio 10.29 [95% confidence interval 1.18-123.47], P = 0.02, respectively). One in 404 women with SLE and 1 in 344 women with SS had 47, XXX. There was an excess of 47, XXX among SLE and SS patients. Conclusion. The estimated prevalence of SLE and SS in women with 47, XXX was similar to 2.5 and similar to 2.9 times higher, respectively, than that in women with 46, XX and similar to 25 and similar to 41 times higher, respectively, than that in men with 46, XY. No statistically significant increase of 47, XXX was observed in other female-biased diseases (primary biliary cirrhosis or RA), supporting the idea of multiple pathways to sex bias in autoimmunity.
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