| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Han, Xue, et al.
(författare)
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Empirical analysis for Distributed Energy Resources' impact on future distribution network
- 2012
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Ingår i: Energy Conference and Exhibition (ENERGYCON), 2012 IEEE International. - : IEEE. - 9781467314541 ; , s. 731-737
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There has been a large body of statements claiming that the large scale deployment of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) will eventually reshape the future distribution grid operation in various ways. Thus, it is interesting to introduce a platform to interpret to what extent the power system operation will be alternated. In this paper, quantitative results in terms of how the future distribution grid will be changed by the deployment of distributed generation, active demand and electric vehicles, are presented. The analysis is based on the conditions for both a radial and a meshed distribution network. The input parameters are based on the current and envisioned DER deployment scenarios proposed for Sweden.
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| 3. |
- Han, Xue, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling Framework and the Quantitative Analysis of Distributed Energy Resources in Future Distribution Networks
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems. - : De Gruyter. - 2194-5756 .- 1553-779X. ; 14:5, s. 421-431
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There has been a large body of statements claiming that the large-scale deployment of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) could eventually reshape the future distribution grid operation in numerous ways. Thus, it is necessary to introduce a framework to measure to what extent the power system operation will be changed by various parameters of DERs. This article proposed a modelling framework for an overview analysis on the correlation between DERs. Furthermore, to validate the framework, the authors described the reference models of different categories of DERs with their unique characteristics, comprising distributed generation, active demand and electric vehicles. Subsequently, quantitative analysis was made on the basis of the current and envisioned DER deployment scenarios proposed for Sweden. Simulations are performed in two typical distribution network models for four seasons. The simulation results show that in general the DER deployment brings in the possibilities to reduce the power losses and voltage drops by compensating power from the local generation and optimizing the local load profiles.
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| 4. |
- Wu, Renbing, et al.
(författare)
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Pt nanodendrites anchored on bamboo-shaped carbon nanofiber arrays as highly efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction
- 2013
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Ingår i: International journal of hydrogen energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-3199 .- 1879-3487. ; 38:36, s. 16677-16684
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to improve the Pt utilization and enhance their catalytic performance in fuel cells, a novel composite electrode composed of single-crystalline Pt nanodendrites and support constructed by bamboo-shaped carbon nanofiber arrays (CNFAs) on carbon paper, is reported. This electrode is designed by growing vertically CNFAs on carbon paper via plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, followed by the direct synthesis of Pt nanodendrites using a simple surfactant-free aqueous solution method. Electron microscopy studies reveal that the Pt nanodendrites are uniformly high dispersed and anchored on the surface of CNFAs. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the resultant electrode exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity and stability for oxygen reduction reaction than commercial Pt/C catalyst, suggesting its potential application in fuel cells.
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