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- Beral, V, et al.
(author)
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Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer - collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58515 women with breast cancer and 95067 women without the disease
- 2002
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In: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1532-1827 .- 0007-0920. ; 87, s. 1234-45
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Alcohol and tobacco consumption are closely correlated and published results on their association with breast cancer have not always allowed adequately for confounding between these exposures. Over 80% of the relevant information worldwide on alcohol and tobacco consumption and breast cancer were collated, checked and analysed centrally. Analyses included 58515 women with invasive breast cancer and 95067 controls from 53 studies. Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated, after stratifying by study, age, parity and, where appropriate, women's age when their first child was born and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The average consumption of alcohol reported by controls from developed countries was 6.0 g per day, i.e. about half a unit/drink of alcohol per day, and was greater in ever-smokers than never-smokers, (8.4 g per day and 5.0 g per day, respectively). Compared with women who reported drinking no alcohol, the relative risk of breast cancer was 1.32 (1.19 - 1.45, P < 0.00001) for an intake of 35 - 44 g per day alcohol, and 1.46 (1.33 - 1.61, P < 0.00001) for greater than or equal to 45 g per day alcohol. The relative risk of breast cancer increased by 7.1% (95% CI 5.5-8.7%; P<0.00001) for each additional 10 g per day intake of alcohol, i.e. for each extra unit or drink of alcohol consumed on a daily basis. This increase was the same in ever-smokers and never-smokers (7.1 % per 10 g per day, P < 0.00001, in each group). By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol. When analyses were restricted to 22 255 women with breast cancer and 40 832 controls who reported drinking no alcohol, smoking was not associated with breast cancer (compared to never-smokers, relative risk for ever-smokers= 1.03, 95% CI 0.98 - 1.07, and for current smokers=0.99, 0.92 - 1.05). The results for alcohol and for tobacco did not vary substantially across studies, study designs, or according to 15 personal characteristics of the women; nor were the findings materially confounded by any of these factors. If the observed relationship for alcohol is causal, these results suggest that about 4% of the breast cancers in developed countries are attributable to alcohol. In developing countries, where alcohol consumption among controls averaged only 0.4 g per day, alcohol would have a negligible effect on the incidence of breast cancer. In conclusion, smoking has little or no independent effect on the risk of developing breast cancer; the effect of alcohol on breast cancer needs to be interpreted in the context of its beneficial effects, in moderation, on cardiovascular disease and its harmful effects on cirrhosis and cancers of the mouth, larynx, oesophagus and liver. (C) 2002 Cancer Research UK.
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- Giele, Walter, et al.
(author)
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The QCD / SM working group: Summary report
- 2002
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In: Physics at TeV colliders. Proceedings, Euro Summer School, Les Houches, France, May 21-June 1, 2001. ; , s. 275-426, s. 275-426
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)
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- Chen, Zhuo Yuan, et al.
(author)
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The Effect of Sodium Chloride Particles on the Atmospheric Corrosion of Pure Copper
- 2004
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In: Corrosion. - : NACE International. - 0010-9312 .- 1938-159X. ; 60:5, s. 479-491
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The atmospheric corrosion of copper has been investigated after deposition of sodium chloride (NaCl) particles and 10 days of subsequent exposure to clean, humidified air below, near, and above the point of deliquescence of NaCl (at around 75% relative humidity (RH), Microgravimetry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with x-ray microanalysis, and scanning Kelvin probe were used to identify corrosion processes and products. The NaCl deposition resulted in the evenly distributed NaCl particle clusters with a diameter of approximately 100 μm. The clusters consisted of individual NaCl particles of <10 μm. The mass gain increased linearly with the amount of NaCl particles added in the range of this study (up to 4 μg/cm2). Even at very low RH (55%), which lies far below the point of deliquescence (75%), copper with NaCl particles added suffered from significant corrosion attack and the mass gain of copper with 4 μg/cm2 NaCl added was about 7 μg/cm2 after 10 days of exposure. At 55% RH, the NaCl particles did not dissolve. However, significant chloride-induced corrosion effects were observed after 10 days, both in the original particle cluster and in a 20-μm-wide outer zone into which chloride ions had dffused radially. At 75% RH, the NaCl particles dissolved and chloride ions diffused to cover the whole surface. Chloride-accelerated corrosion effects resulted in the formation of cuprite (Cu2O) and copper carbonate, mainly in the area of the original particle cluster. The corrosion effects accelerated further at 95% PH, resulting in the formation of Cu2O over the whole surface and copper carbonate in a concentric zone outside the original particle cluster. The distribution of the corrosion products was related to the localization of the anodic and cathodic reactions during the corrosion process.
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