| 1. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2013
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Wang, Haidong, et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
- 2014
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 384:9947, s. 957-979
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Remarkable financial and political efforts have been focused on the reduction of child mortality during the past few decades. Timely measurements of levels and trends in under-5 mortality are important to assess progress towards the Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) target of reduction of child mortality by two thirds from 1990 to 2015, and to identify models of success.METHODS: We generated updated estimates of child mortality in early neonatal (age 0-6 days), late neonatal (7-28 days), postneonatal (29-364 days), childhood (1-4 years), and under-5 (0-4 years) age groups for 188 countries from 1970 to 2013, with more than 29 000 survey, census, vital registration, and sample registration datapoints. We used Gaussian process regression with adjustments for bias and non-sampling error to synthesise the data for under-5 mortality for each country, and a separate model to estimate mortality for more detailed age groups. We used explanatory mixed effects regression models to assess the association between under-5 mortality and income per person, maternal education, HIV child death rates, secular shifts, and other factors. To quantify the contribution of these different factors and birth numbers to the change in numbers of deaths in under-5 age groups from 1990 to 2013, we used Shapley decomposition. We used estimated rates of change between 2000 and 2013 to construct under-5 mortality rate scenarios out to 2030.FINDINGS: We estimated that 6·3 million (95% UI 6·0-6·6) children under-5 died in 2013, a 64% reduction from 17·6 million (17·1-18·1) in 1970. In 2013, child mortality rates ranged from 152·5 per 1000 livebirths (130·6-177·4) in Guinea-Bissau to 2·3 (1·8-2·9) per 1000 in Singapore. The annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2013 ranged from -6·8% to 0·1%. 99 of 188 countries, including 43 of 48 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, had faster decreases in child mortality during 2000-13 than during 1990-2000. In 2013, neonatal deaths accounted for 41·6% of under-5 deaths compared with 37·4% in 1990. Compared with 1990, in 2013, rising numbers of births, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, led to 1·4 million more child deaths, and rising income per person and maternal education led to 0·9 million and 2·2 million fewer deaths, respectively. Changes in secular trends led to 4·2 million fewer deaths. Unexplained factors accounted for only -1% of the change in child deaths. In 30 developing countries, decreases since 2000 have been faster than predicted attributable to income, education, and secular shift alone.INTERPRETATION: Only 27 developing countries are expected to achieve MDG 4. Decreases since 2000 in under-5 mortality rates are accelerating in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The Millennium Declaration and increased development assistance for health might have been a factor in faster decreases in some developing countries. Without further accelerated progress, many countries in west and central Africa will still have high levels of under-5 mortality in 2030.
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| 5. |
- Agarwal, Akshat, et al.
(författare)
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Linear and nonlinear evolution of a localized disturbance in polymeric channel flow
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Fluid Mechanics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0022-1120 .- 1469-7645. ; 760, s. 278-303
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evolution of an initially localized disturbance in polymeric channel flow is investigated, with the FENE-P model used to characterize the viscoelastic behaviour of the flow. In the linear growth regime, the flow response is stabilized by viscoelasticity, and the maximum attainable disturbance energy amplification is reduced with increasing polymer concentration. The reduction in the energy growth rate is attributed to the polymer work, which plays a dual role. First, a spanwise polymer-work term develops, and is explained by the tilting action of the wall-normal voracity on the mean streamwise conformation tensor. This resistive term weakens the spanwise velocity perturbation thus reducing the energy of the localized disturbance. The second action of the polymer is analogous, with a wall-normal polymer work term that weakens the vertical velocity perturbation. Its indirect effect on energy growth is substantial since it reduces the production of Reynolds shear stress and in turn of the streamwise velocity perturbation, or streaks. During the early stages of nonlinear growth, the dominant effect of the polymer is to suppress the large-scale streaky structures which are strongly amplified in Newtonian flows. As a result, the process of transition to turbulence is prolonged and, after transition, a drag-reduced turbulent state is attained.
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| 6. |
- Ahmad, A, et al.
(författare)
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Requirements prioritization with respect to Geographically Distributed Stakeholders
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Requirements selection for software releases can play a vital role in the success of software product. This selection of requirements is done by different requirements prioritization techniques. This paper discusses limitations of these Requirements Prioritization Techniques (100$ Method and Binary Search Tree) with respect to Geographical Distribution of Stakeholders. We conducted two experiments, in this paper, in order to analyze the variations among the results of these Requirements Prioritization Techniques. This paper also discusses attributes that can affect the requirements prioritization when dealing with Geographically Distributed Stakeholders. We conducted first experiment with 100$ Dollar method and Binary Search Tree technique and second experiment has been conducted with modified 100$ Dollar method and Binary search tree technique. Results of these experiments have been discussed in this paper. This paper provides a framework that can be used to identify those requirements that can play an important role in a product success during distributed development.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- El-Seedi, Hesham R., et al.
(författare)
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Anti-schistosomiasis triterpene glycoside from the Egyptian medicinal plant Asparagus stipularis
- 2011
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Ingår i: REV BRAS FARMACOGN. - : SOC BRASILEIRA FARMACOGNOSIA. - 0102-695X. ; 22:2, s. 314-318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioassay-guided isolation using an in vitro assay testing for anti-schistosomiasis yielded a novel triterpene saponin, asparagalin A, from the n-butanol extract of the roots of Asparagus stipularis Forssk., Asparagaceae. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformations. Administration of asparagalin A resulted in a retardation of worm growth and locomotion at the first day and showed a significant activity of egg-laying suppression at 200 mu g/mL concentration.
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| 9. |
- Lazorova, Lucia, et al.
(författare)
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Structural Features Determining the Intestinal Epithelial Permeability and Efflux of Novel HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3549 .- 1520-6017. ; 100:9, s. 3763-3772
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The primary aim of this study was to identify structural features that alter the intestinal epithelial permeability and efflux in a series of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs). Eleven PIs were selected containing a tertiary alcohol in a transition-state mimicking scaffold, in which two substituents (R1 and R2) were varied systematically. Indinavir was selected as a reference compound. The apical-to-basolateral permeability was investigated in 2/4/A1 and Caco-2 monolayers. In addition, the basolateral-to-apical permeability was investigated in the Caco-2 monolayers and the efflux ratios were calculated. The absence of active drug transport processes in 2/4/A1 cells allowed identification and modeling of structural elements affecting the passive permeability. For instance, small aromatic R1 substituents and a small (bromo-) R2 substituent were associated with a high passive permeability. Efflux studies in Caco-2 cells indicated that amide-substituted neutral hydrophobic amino acids, such as valine and leucine, in the R1 position, reduced the apical-to-basolateral transport and enhanced the efflux. We conclude that our investigation revealed structural features that alter the intestinal epithelial permeability and efflux in the series of PIs and hope that these results can contribute to the synthesis of PIs with improved permeability and limited efflux properties.
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| 10. |
- Rehill, B., et al.
(författare)
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Identifying an Artificial Turbulent Spot in the Boundary Layer
- 2012
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Ingår i: Progress in Turbulence and Wind Energy IV. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Nature. ; , s. 217-220
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An artificial turbulent spot in a boundary layer with zero freestream turbulence and zero pressure gradient is studied through direct numerical simulation. The spot, generated by a vortex pair disturbance, is identified from the surrounding non-turbulent fluid using six different methods of identification. These techniques involved setting thresholds for: instantaneous wall normal velocity, spanwise velocity, turbulent dissipation, lambda(2)-criterion, Q-criterion and the Finite Time Lyapunov Exponent. A sensitivty analysis was performed based on the sensitivity of the maximum spot dimensions to the change in threshold level from it's original value. The maximum height, width, length and volume of the spot was recorded for changes in threshold level. Based on this analysis the Q-criterion was found to be the most suitable for identifying a turbulent spot in a flow with zero freestream turbulence.
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