| 1. |
- Zettersten, Camilla, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Identification and Characterization of Polyphenolic Antioxidants Using On-Line Liquid Chromatography, Electrochemistry, and Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Analytical Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0003-2700 .- 1520-6882. ; 81:21, s. 8968-8977
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is demonstrated that electrochemistry (EC) coupled to liquid chromatography (LC) and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/EC/ESI-MS/MS) can be used to rapidly obtain information about the antioxidant activity (i.e., oxidation potential) and capacity (i.e., amount) of polyphenolic compounds, including catechin, kaempferol, resveratrol, quercetin, and quercetin glucosides. The described on-line LC/EC/ESI-MS/MS method facilitates the detection and characterization of individual antioxidants based on a combination of the obtained m/z values for the antioxidants and their oxidation products, the potential dependences for the ion intensities, and correlations between the retention times in the LC, EC, and MS chromatograms. As these results provide patterns that can be used in rapid screening for antioxidants in complex samples, the method should be a valuable complement to chemical assays commonly used to determine the total antioxidant capacity of samples. It is shown that the antioxidant capacity for a mixture of polyphenolic compounds depends on the redox potential employed in the evaluation, and this should consequently be taken into account when comparing results from different total antioxidant capacity assays. It is also demonstrated that the inherent antioxidant capacities of phenolic compounds increase with an increasing number of hydroxyl groups and that the potential needed to oxidize the remaining hydroxyl groups increases successively upon oxidation of the compound. Unlike chemical assays, which generally do not provide any information about the identities of the compounds on the molecular level, the present screening method can be used to identify individual antioxidants, rank compounds with respect to their ease of oxidation, and to study the antioxidant capacity at any redox potential of interest.
|
|
| 2. |
- Zettersten, Camilla, 1978-
(författare)
-
On-line Electrochemistry Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry : Method Development and Applications
- 2009
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis deals with studies of on-line electrochemistry electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (EC/ESI-MS). It is shown that the use of EC/ESI-MS demands optimal coupling characteristics. Pre-concentration and desalting, due to matrix exchange, were demonstrated for the model substance 1-hexanethiol in an EC/ESI-MS setup. The setup was also used for investigations of the oxidation states of the manganese complex [Mn2(bpmp)(µ-OAc)2][ClO4], where bpmp is a 2,6-bis[[N,N-di(2-pyridylmethyl)amino]methyl]-4-methylphenol compound. The manganese complex, which is relevant to artificial photosynthesis, was found to be a good model compound for the EC/ESI-MS studies, thanks to its many oxidation states. For the first time, the presence of the Mn(III,IV) state of the manganese complex was demonstrated in the studies. During the experimental work, the importance of the electrode positioning within the electrochemical cell was investigated. Different EC cell configurations were studied using the manganese complex as a model substance. It was clearly shown that the EC cell design influences the distribution between the peaks in the mass spectra - not only for manganese complexes and Olsalazine but also for 4-chloroaniline. A previously unknown comproportionation reaction was found for 4-chloroaniline involving the oxidised dimer, 4-[(4-chlorophenyl)imino]-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-imine. This reaction explained the unexpected presence of the signal due to the reduced dimer, 4-amino-4'-chlorodiphenylamine, in the mass spectra. Furthermore, it was shown that EC/ESI-MS was successful in conjunction with miniaturised gold wire electrodes in a PDMS chip within which dopamine was oxidised with a conversion efficiency of 30%. The oxidation products of dopamine were detected after 0.6-1.2 seconds for 1.0 and 0.5 µl/min, respectively. The combination of electrochemically controlled solid-phase extraction (EC-SPE) with ESI-MS was found to be less straightforward than detecting anions pre-concentrated on a polypyrrole coated electrode with EC-SPE/ICP-MS. The on-line combination of liquid chromatography with EC/ESI-MS/MS for studying antioxidants in yellow onion extracts was shown to be fast and a relatively easy complement to classical antioxidant activity determinations.
|
|
| 3. |
- Zettersten, Camilla, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Oxidation of 4-chloroaniline studied by on-line electrochemistry electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Analytical Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0003-2700 .- 1520-6882. ; 81:13, s. 5180-5187
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The oxidation of 4-chloroaniline (4-CA) has been studied by electrochemistry (EC) coupled on-line with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) using two electrochemical flow cells of different design. The experimental results, which generally verify previously suggested oxidation pathways for 4-CA, also indicate the presence of a so far unrecognized comproportionation reaction. The oxidation of 4-CA (m/z 128.2) was found to give rise to the formation of both an oxidized dimer, 4-[(4-chlorophenyl)imino]-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-imine (m/z 217.2) and a reduced dimer, 4-amino-4’-chlorodiphenylamine (m/z 219.2), in addition to a dimer intermediate (m/z 253.2). This unexpected formation of the reduced dimer is shown to stem from a comproportionation reaction involving 4-CA and the oxidized dimer. The presence of the latter reaction was clearly seen by comparing results obtained with two thin-layer flow cells, both with conversion efficiencies of 50% but of different design, with respect to the influence of the counter electrode reaction on the reaction at the working electrode. The experimental results demonstrate that the formation of the reduced dimer is favored by a decrease in the local pH in the flow cell and the influence of the pH on the oxidation of 4-CA was also investigated in the pH range between 2.0 and 6.0 using off-line voltammetry. It is concluded that EC/ESI-MS is a powerful tool for the study of the present type of reactions and that studies on reaction pathways are best carried out with thin-layer flow cells having conversion efficiencies smaller than 100% as this facilitates the detection of reaction intermediates. Comproportionation reactions, similar to the reaction present in the 4-CA system, can also be expected to be present during the formation of conducting polymers such as polyaniline and polypyrrole.
|
|
