| 1. |
- Bernardo, Vitor, et al.
(författare)
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Green wireless-energy efficiency in wireless networks
- 2015
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Ingår i: Large-scale distributed systems and energy efficiency. - Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons. - 9781118864630 - 9781118981122
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wireless networks have become more and more popular because of ease of installation, ease of access, and support of smart terminals and gadgets on the move. In the overall life cycle of providing green wireless technology, from production to operation and, finally, removal, this chapter focuses on the operation phase and summarizes insights in energy consumption of major technologies. The chapter also focuses on the edge of the network, comprising network access points (APs) and mobile user devices. It discusses particularities of most important wireless networking technologies: wireless access networks including 3G/LTE and wireless mesh networks (WMNs); wireless sensor networks (WSNs); and ad-hoc and opportunistic networks. Concerning energy efficiency, the chapter discusses challenges in access, wireless sensor, and ad-hoc and opportunistic networks.
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| 2. |
- Cheng, Arthur J., et al.
(författare)
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Post-exercise recovery of contractile function and endurance in humans and mice is accelerated by heating and slowed by cooling skeletal muscle
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Physiology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0022-3751 .- 1469-7793. ; 595:24, s. 7413-7426
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Key points: We investigated whether intramuscular temperature affects the acute recovery of exercise performance following fatigue-induced by endurance exercise. Mean power output was better preserved during an all-out arm-cycling exercise following a 2 h recovery period in which the upper arms were warmed to an intramuscular temperature of ˜ 38°C than when they were cooled to as low as 15°C, which suggested that recovery of exercise performance in humans is dependent on muscle temperature. Mechanisms underlying the temperature-dependent effect on recovery were studied in intact single mouse muscle fibres where we found that recovery of submaximal force and restoration of fatigue resistance was worsened by cooling (16-26°C) and improved by heating (36°C). Isolated whole mouse muscle experiments confirmed that cooling impaired muscle glycogen resynthesis. We conclude that skeletal muscle recovery from fatigue-induced by endurance exercise is impaired by cooling and improved by heating, due to changes in glycogen resynthesis rate.Manipulation of muscle temperature is believed to improve post-exercise recovery, with cooling being especially popular among athletes. However, it is unclear whether such temperature manipulations actually have positive effects. Accordingly, we studied the effect of muscle temperature on the acute recovery of force and fatigue resistance after endurance exercise. One hour of moderate-intensity arm cycling exercise in humans was followed by 2 h recovery in which the upper arms were either heated to 38°C, not treated (33°C), or cooled to ∼15°C. Fatigue resistance after the recovery period was assessed by performing 3 × 5 min sessions of all-out arm cycling at physiological temperature for all conditions (i.e. not heated or cooled). Power output during the all-out exercise was better maintained when muscles were heated during recovery, whereas cooling had the opposite effect. Mechanisms underlying the temperature-dependent effect on recovery were tested in mouse intact single muscle fibres, which were exposed to ∼12 min of glycogen-depleting fatiguing stimulation (350 ms tetani given at 10 s interval until force decreased to 30% of the starting force). Fibres were subsequently exposed to the same fatiguing stimulation protocol after 1-2 h of recovery at 16-36°C. Recovery of submaximal force (30 Hz), the tetanic myoplasmic free [Ca2+] (measured with the fluorescent indicator indo-1), and fatigue resistance were all impaired by cooling (16-26°C) and improved by heating (36°C). In addition, glycogen resynthesis was faster at 36°C than 26°C in whole flexor digitorum brevis muscles. We conclude that recovery from exhaustive endurance exercise is accelerated by raising and slowed by lowering muscle temperature.
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| 3. |
- Gao, Hong, et al.
(författare)
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The landscape of tolerated genetic variation in humans and primates
- 2023
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 380:6648
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Personalized genome sequencing has revealed millions of genetic differences between individuals, but our understanding of their clinical relevance remains largely incomplete. To systematically decipher the effects of human genetic variants, we obtained whole-genome sequencing data for 809 individuals from 233 primate species and identified 4.3 million common protein-altering variants with orthologs in humans. We show that these variants can be inferred to have nondeleterious effects in humans based on their presence at high allele frequencies in other primate populations. We use this resource to classify 6% of all possible human protein-altering variants as likely benign and impute the pathogenicity of the remaining 94% of variants with deep learning, achieving state-of-the-art accuracy for diagnosing pathogenic variants in patients with genetic diseases.
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| 4. |
- Hebert-Losier, Kim, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Factors that Influence the Performance of Elite Sprint Cross-Country Skiers
- 2017
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Ingår i: Sports Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0112-1642 .- 1179-2035. ; 47:2, s. 319-342
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Sprint events in cross-country skiing are unique not only with respect to their length (0.8–1.8 km), but also in involving four high-intensity heats of ~3 min in duration, separated by a relatively short recovery period (15–60 min). Objective: Our aim was to systematically review the scientific literature to identify factors related to the performance of elite sprint cross-country skiers. Methods: Four electronic databases were searched using relevant medical subject headings and keywords, as were reference lists, relevant journals, and key authors in the field. Only original research articles addressing physiology, biomechanics, anthropometry, or neuromuscular characteristics and elite sprint cross-country skiers and performance outcomes were included. All articles meeting inclusion criteria were quality assessed. Data were extracted from each article using a standardized form and subsequently summarized. Results: Thirty-one articles met the criteria for inclusion, were reviewed, and scored an average of 66 ± 7 % (range 56–78 %) upon quality assessment. All articles except for two were quasi-experimental, and only one had a fully-experimental research design. In total, articles comprised 567 subjects (74 % male), with only nine articles explicitly reporting their skiers’ sprint International Skiing Federation points (weighted mean 116 ± 78). A similar number of articles addressed skating and classical techniques, with more than half of the investigations involving roller-skiing assessments under laboratory conditions. A range of physiological, biomechanical, anthropometric, and neuromuscular characteristics was reported to relate to sprint skiing performance. Both aerobic and anaerobic capacities are important qualities, with the anaerobic system suggested to contribute more to the performance during the first of repeated heats; and the aerobic system during subsequent heats. A capacity for high speed in all the following instances is important for the performance of sprint cross-country skiers: at the start of the race, at any given point when required (e.g., when being challenged by a competitor), and in the final section of each heat. Although high skiing speed is suggested to rely primarily on high cycle rates, longer cycle lengths are commonly observed in faster skiers. In addition, faster skiers rely on different technical strategies when approaching peak speeds, employ more effective techniques, and use better coordinated movements to optimize generation of propulsive force from the resultant ski and pole forces. Strong uphill technique is critical to race performance since uphill segments are the most influential on race outcomes. A certain strength level is required, although more does not necessarily translate to superior sprint skiing performance, and sufficient strength-endurance capacities are also of importance to minimize the impact and accumulation of fatigue during repeated heats. Lastly, higher lean mass does appear to benefit sprint skiers’ performance, with no clear advantage conferred via body height and mass. Limitations: Generalization of findings from one study to the next is challenging considering the array of experimental tasks, variables defining performance, fundamental differences between skiing techniques, and evolution of sprint skiing competitions. Although laboratory-based measures can effectively assess on-snow skiing performance, conclusions drawn from roller-skiing investigations might not fully apply to on-snow skiing performance. A low number of subjects were females (only 17 %), warranting further studies to better understand this population. Lastly, more training studies involving high-level elite sprint skiers and investigations pertaining to the ability of skiers to maintain high-sprint speeds at the end of races are recommended to assist in understanding and improving high-level sprint skiing performance, and resilience to fatigue. Conclusions: Successful sprint cross-country skiing involves well-developed aerobic and anaerobic capacities, high speed abilities, effective biomechanical techniques, and the ability to develop high forces rapidly. A certain level of strength is required, particularly ski-specific strength, as well as the ability to withstand fatigue across the repeated heats of sprint races. Cross-country sprint skiing is demonstrably a demanding and complex sport, where high-performance skiers need to simultaneously address physiological, biomechanical, anthropometric, and neuromuscular aspects to ensure success.
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| 5. |
- Hossfeld, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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The QoE provisioning-delivery-hysteresis and its importance for service provisioning in the Future Internet
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quality of Experience (QoE) combines non-technical parameters such as user perception, experience and expectations with technical parameters such as application-and network-level Quality of Service (QoS). For service or network providers, it is important to understand the quantitative relationship between QoE and these technical parameters in order to manage the user-perceived quality. This paper investigates the different impacts of a) provisioning and b) delivery problems due to insufficient resources on QoE, leading to the QoE provisioning-delivery hysteresis (QoE-PDH). We demonstrate the QoE-PDH for Voice-over-IP, live video streaming, and web browsing based on existing measurement studies. The results clearly quantify the necessity to control quality, instead of suffering from uncontrollable impacts like packet loss caused by congestion. The implementation and the limitations of the QoE-PDH in the current Internet is shown using the example of Skype. Afterwards we discuss how these results can be used to enhance energy-efficient service provisioning and delivery in the Future Internet.
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| 6. |
- Ickin, Selim, et al.
(författare)
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Catching the download train : Energy-efficient file downloading on smartphones
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The most energy-consuming applications in battery life-constrained smartphones are the ones that comprise data transmission, especially via the 3G interface. Scheduling download activities on smartphones is especially necessary, if there are multiple asynchronous downloads scattered over a long duration. The latter scenario highly increases the energy consumption of smartphones. In this paper, we investigate energy consumption with the focus on file downloading while scheduling multiple file downloads in two scenarios: serialized and parallel. We repeat the experiments on a single smartphone via its 3G and also via WiFi tethering via another smartphone. We assess the performance of the two scenarios via measurement of power consumption and corresponding download duration in a realistic environment.
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| 7. |
- Kuderna, Lukas F. K., et al.
(författare)
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A global catalog of whole-genome diversity from 233 primate species
- 2023
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 380:6648, s. 906-913
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rich diversity of morphology and behavior displayed across primate species provides an informative context in which to study the impact of genomic diversity on fundamental biological processes. Analysis of that diversity provides insight into long-standing questions in evolutionary and conservation biology and is urgent given severe threats these species are facing. Here, we present high-coverage wholegenome data from 233 primate species representing 86% of genera and all 16 families. This dataset was used, together with fossil calibration, to create a nuclear DNA phylogeny and to reassess evolutionary divergence times among primate clades. We found within-species genetic diversity across families and geographic regions to be associated with climate and sociality, but not with extinction risk. Furthermore, mutation rates differ across species, potentially influenced by effective population sizes. Lastly, we identified extensive recurrence of missense mutations previously thought to be human specific. This study will open a wide range of research avenues for future primate genomic research.
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| 8. |
- Kuderna, Lukas F. K., et al.
(författare)
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Identification of constrained sequence elements across 239 primate genomes
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 625:7996, s. 735-742
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Noncoding DNA is central to our understanding of human gene regulation and complex diseases1,2, and measuring the evolutionary sequence constraint can establish the functional relevance of putative regulatory elements in the human genome3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Identifying the genomic elements that have become constrained specifically in primates has been hampered by the faster evolution of noncoding DNA compared to protein-coding DNA10, the relatively short timescales separating primate species11, and the previously limited availability of whole-genome sequences12. Here we construct a whole-genome alignment of 239 species, representing nearly half of all extant species in the primate order. Using this resource, we identified human regulatory elements that are under selective constraint across primates and other mammals at a 5% false discovery rate. We detected 111,318 DNase I hypersensitivity sites and 267,410 transcription factor binding sites that are constrained specifically in primates but not across other placental mammals and validate their cis-regulatory effects on gene expression. These regulatory elements are enriched for human genetic variants that affect gene expression and complex traits and diseases. Our results highlight the important role of recent evolution in regulatory sequence elements differentiating primates, including humans, from other placental mammals.
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| 9. |
- Tutschku, Kurt Tutschku, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Network Virtualization: Implementation Steps Towards the Future Internet.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Workshop on Overlay and Network Virtualization at KIVS 2009.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we will investigate why and how Network Virtualization (NV) can overcome the shortfalls of the current system and how it paves the way for the Future Internet. Therefore, we will first discuss some major deficiencies and achievements of today’s Internet. Afterwards, we identify three major building blocks of NV: a) the use of application-specific routing overlays, b) the safe consolidation of resources by OS virtualization on a generic infrastructure, and c) the exploitation of the network diversity for performance enhancements and for new business models, such as the provisioning of intermediate nodes or path oracles. Subsequently, we discuss an implementation scheme for network virtualization or routing overlays based on one-hop source routers (OSRs). The capabilities of the combination of NV and OSRs are demonstrated by a concurrent multipath transmission (CMP) mechanism (also known as stripping) for obtaining high throughput transmission pipes. The suggested stripping mechanism constitutes a first instance of a refinement of the concept of NV, the idea of transport system virtualization.
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| 10. |
- Vestin, Jonathan, 1989-
(författare)
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SDN-Enabled Resiliency, Monitoring and Control in Computer Networks
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Next generation networks aim to increase network convergence by allowing a single network architecture to serve diverse traffic types ranging from high-bandwidth video streaming to low-latency industrial automation, while meeting their respective service level requirements. Such a converged network architecture puts high requirements on flexibility, interoperability, and resilience. While current networks exhibit some degree of network convergence, they may not reach the level of interoperability required for future application areas. This is particularly prevalent in networks that depend heavily on closed and proprietary equipment, such as industrial automation and small cell backhaul networks. Recently, Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) have been proposed as solutions for increased network flexibility. By separating and logically centralizing the network control plane, SDN allows for dynamic control of the network infrastructure. NFV, on the other hand, enables flexibility and scalability through the virtualization and orchestration of network functions.In this thesis, we investigate how SDN and NFV can be used to make next generation networks more reliable, flexible and programmable. We focus mainly on three areas: resiliency, monitoring, and control. First, we look at the usage of SDN to enable in-network resiliency in wireless access, backhaul and industrial automation networks. Next, we design and evaluate FastReact, a switch program that allows industrial automation networks to partially offload their distributed application logic to the data plane, reducing end to end latency and increasing network resiliency. Finally, we propose combining FastReact control with in-network telemetry event detection, significantly increasing the monitoring capacity by selectively discarding redundant telemetry information in the data plane.
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