| 1. |
- de Wit, Cynthia A
(författare)
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An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 46:5, s. 583-624
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The presence of brominated flame retardant (BFR) chemicals, and particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has become of increasing concern to scientists over the past decade. Environmental studies conducted primarily in Europe, Japan and North America indicate that these chemicals are ubiquitous in sediment and biota. The levels of PBDEs seem to be increasing, and several trends, including in humans, indicate that this increase may be rapid. The occurrence of high concentrations of certain PBDE isomers may be sufficient to elicit adverse effects in some wildlife. There is also concern that levels could cause adverse effects in sensitive human populations such as young children, indigenous peoples, and fish consumers. However, our knowledge about these chemicals, their sources, environmental behavior, and toxicity is limited, making risk assessment difficult. In this paper, the current state of knowledge is reviewed and areas for further research recommended to improve future monitoring and risk assessment efforts.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Lindberg, Peter, 1944, et al.
(författare)
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Higher brominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane found in eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden
- 2004
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Ingår i: Environmental Science & Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 38:1, s. 93-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were analyzed in peregrine falcon eggs collected in 1987-1999, including the constituents of the technical polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) products Penta (BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154), Octa (BDE-183), and Deca (BDE-209), hexabrominated biphenyl (BB-153), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). The eggs represented females from three different breeding populations, northern Sweden, southwestern Sweden, and a captive breeding population. All BFRs analyzed for were found, including BDE-183 and -209, and concentrations were much higher in wild falcons (geometric mean SigmaPBDE, BB-153, and HBCD for northern/southern populations of 2200/2700, 82/77, and 150/250 ng/g lw, respectively) than in captive falcons (39, 8 ng/g lw, and not detected, respectively). This is the first time, to our knowledge, that BDE-183 and -209 have been quantified in high trophic level wildlife.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Matscheko, Nadja, et al.
(författare)
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Application of sewage sludge to arable land-soil concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls, and their accumulation in earthworms
- 2002
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Ingår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. - 0730-7268 .- 1552-8618. ; 21:12, s. 2515-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soils from five agricultural sites, three research sites, and two privately owned farms were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybronimated diphenylethers (PBDEs). In soils that had not been treated with sludge (reference soils), the international toxic equivalents (I-TEQs) were 0.6 to 1.5 pg/g dry matter (DM) for the PCDD/Fs, which are low compared to generally reported background soil levels in Europe. The concentrations of sum of six penta- and hexa-PCBs were 450 to 1,400 pg/g DM. The PBDEs 47 and 99 dominated among the tri- to hepta-PBDEs analyzed (8-80 pg/g DM). The impact of adding 1 to 3 tonnes of sludge (DM) per hectare per year on the concentrations was studied at the three research sites by calculating ratios of the compounds in sludge-treated soil to reference soil (S/R ratio). The concentrations of I-TEQs did not increase in the sludge-treated soil, whereas the S/R ratios for PBDEs were greater than one. Also, although the PCB contents were higher in the sludge-treated soils, the background sources were more important for the concentrations of PCBs than of PBDEs. The largest increase in the S/R ratios was found at a private farm where large amounts of sludge had been used in the past. Accumulation of the compounds in earthworms from the sites also was investigated. The biota-soil accumulation factors (BSAFs) of the tested compounds declined in the following order: ortho-PCBs similar to PBDEs > non-ortho-PCBs > 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs. The average BSAF for ortho-PCBs was five (organic matter/lipids), and the lowest BSAFs (0.1-0.8) found were for octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. To our knowledge, accumulation of PBDEs in earthworms has not been published previously.
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| 6. |
- Olsson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Dioxiner i Östersjöns fisk : ett hot mot svenskt fiske
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Livsmedelsverket har i två rapporter under 2000-talethävdat att halterna av dioxiner i fet Östersjöfisk minskaroch att svenskarnas intag av detta giftiga ämne minskatdrastiskt. Vi menar att slutsatserna i dessa rapporter baserarsig på undermåliga data, och att informationen ärvilseledande eller direkt felaktig. Tillförlitliga miljöövervakningsdatavisar att dioxinhalterna ligger kvar påsamma nivå sedan mitten av 1980-talet och dessutomsannolikt kommer att öka.Livsmedelsverkets långtgående och lugnande slutsatserfår stora konsekvenser för miljöarbetet, östersjöfisketoch alla konsumenter. Istället måste Livsmedelsverketgenom saklig och korrekt information påskynda och stödjaandra myndigheters arbete med att rensa upp i gamladeponier och pågående utsläpp
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| 7. |
- Olsson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Miljögifter i biota
- 2003. - 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I en nyligen genomförd studie tycks halterna dioxiner i strömming (muskel)ha mer än fördubblats i Bottenhavet sedan slutet av 1970-talet–början av 1980-talet. I förra årets nummer av Bottniska viken påtalade vi den allvarliga situationen för fisket i Östersjön, då koncentrationerna av dioxiner inte minskade i våra havsområden. Bottenhavets yrkesfiskare står således inför svåra problem.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Söderström, Gunilla, et al.
(författare)
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Photolytic Debromination of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE 209)
- 2004
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 38:1, s. 127-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are commonly used flame retardants. During the past years, concerns have increased due to their occurrence in the environment and humans. In general, the concentrations of lower brominated (tetra-penta) diphenyl ethers in biota exceed those of the most heavily used product, decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE). In this study, the photolytic debromination of DecaBDE has been investigated in order to study the formation of lower brominated diphenyl ethers. The time course of photolysis of DecaBDE was studied in toluene, on silica gel, sand, sediment and soil using artificial sunlight and on the natural matrices (sediment, soil, sand) also using natural sunlight. DecaBDE was photolytically labile and formed debromination products in all matrices studied. Nona- to tetraBDEs were formed as well as some PBDFs. The half-lives in toluene and on silica gel were less than 15 min, and half-lives on other matrices ranged between 40 and 200 h. No differences were seen in the debromination pattern of BDE congeners sequentially formed in the different matrices or under different light conditions. However, the debromination rates were strongly dependent on the matrix with longer half-lives on natural matrices than artificial ones.
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