| 1. |
- Andersson, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Ambio fit for the 2020s
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Nature. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 51:5, s. 1091-1093
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Axelrod, Mark, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding gender intersectionality for more robust ocean science
- 2022
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Ingår i: Earth system governance. - : Elsevier BV. - 2589-8116. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The UN Decade of Ocean Science (UNDOS) aims to: Generate knowledge, support innovation, and develop solutions for equitable and sustainable development of the ocean economy under changing environmental, social and climate conditions. Changing conditions affect certain groups more than others, depending on exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Gendered differentiation has been studied in small scale coastal fisheries. However, this approach is often limited to male-female gender dichotomies. In contrast, the present analysis takes a more expansive approach centered around the concept of intersectionality, to demonstrate more nuanced differences in terms of individuals' access to resources for adaptation. We build on multiple Earth System Governance contextual conditions and research lenses to demonstrate that an intersectional approach allows greater understanding of gendered adaptation options impacted by various other factors. This must include investigations beyond the traditional gender binary, which we have sought to achieve in this study by using broader local and individualistic context to observe different communities. We compare gender intersectionality in case studies from India and Tanzania. The evidence demonstrates that intersectional factors vary, impacting adaptiveness to changing Anthropocene conditions, depending upon cross-cutting context-specific systems of hierarchy and discrimination. However, despite variation, we demonstrate there are common factors to be investigated across all locations when identifying possible intersectional impacts of ocean policy interventions, particularly wealth, marriage and family roles, and social networks.
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| 3. |
- de la Torre-Castro, Maricela, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Women and adaptive capacity to climate change in East African seascapes - Zanzibar as an example
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Marine Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-7745. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the climate crisis persists, there is a crucial need to increase knowledge on adaptive capacity and the underlying factors building it. This is particularly important for disadvantaged groups, such as coastal women in East Africa. Women's livelihoods in these seascapes are and will be more severely affected by climate change and the capacity of East African states to deal with these challenges is limited in terms of financial and human capital. In this research, we investigated the underlying factors building the adaptive capacity of coastal women in Zanzibar (Unguja Island), Tanzania. Coastal women (N=117) were interviewed in villages around the island to gather information about potential factors supporting adaptive capacity. This was analysed applying Cinner et al (2018) five domains typology for adaptive capacity, i.e. assets, flexibility, organizations, learning and agency. The results show that women had relatively low adaptive capacity, extended poverty and very high dependence on seaweed farming of red algae, a livelihood providing low income and already being seriously affected by climate variability and change. Women's observations of key variables related to environmental changes corresponded to most scientific findings. It was, however, unclear how that knowledge is useful and enhances adaptive capacity. Adaptive capacity was generally low but individual differences were found in which ten women had a high income. The results show that the factors underlying adaptive capacity are complex and interact with each other, being positive, negative and unclear. Many of the identified factors deserve future research. This study adds to the pool of knowledge by addressing women (not only men); coastal ecosystems (as land and freshwater systems are more studied) and the individual level (since most studies focus on national and community levels). The study illustrates that institutional renewal, bridging and cooperation is possible in Zanzibar bringing good news to the region.
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| 4. |
- Jones, Benjamin L. H., et al.
(författare)
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Unintended consequences of sustainable development initiatives : risks and opportunities in seagrass social-ecological systems
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ecology and Society. - : Resilience Alliance, Inc.. - 1708-3087. ; 27:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conserving biodiversity with a growing human population is a key sustainability challenge. Consequently, a vast number of development initiatives across the globe have been designed to combine social, economic, and environmental perspectives. For the most part, the development community is well acquainted with the negative experiences and unintended consequences that some projects have or may bring. However, in tropical coastal ecosystems, this aspect is not completely acknowledged, studied, or understood. Here, we use tropical seagrass meadows as a model social-ecological system to investigate how sustainable development initiatives result in unintended consequences with both positive and negative outcomes for environment and society. We analyze the initiatives and their effects in terms of a typology encompassing ???flow???, ???addition???, and ???deletion??? effects and investigate them across four types of sustainable development initiatives that occur within tropical coastal environments: (1) megafauna conservation, (2) alternative livelihood programs, (3) mosquito net malaria prophylaxis, and (4) marine protected areas. Using these four initiatives as examples, we show that sustainable development initiatives can produce unintended effects with major consequences. Further, we illustrate how not assessing such effects may ultimately undermine the initial goals of the sustainable development intervention. Our study suggests that acknowledging unintended effects and transitioning them so that they become sustainable is more effective than ignoring effects or viewing them as trade-offs. We strongly stress the need for an a priori process in which positive effects, negative effects, and potential uncertainties and surprises are considered when planning the development intervention, and we argue for greater social-ecological monitoring of initiatives. As such, this contribution links to contemporary approaches dealing with the sustainability of natural resources and social-ecological systems and bridges with the importance of development initiatives in the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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| 5. |
- Jones, Benjamin, 1991-
(författare)
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Of seagrass and society : Exploring contributions of tropical seagrass meadows to food security
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Conserving biodiversity while simultaneously feeding a growing population is one of the grand challenges of the Anthropocene. Recently, global assessments have shone a light on the importance of the marine environment for the supply of food (often termed blue food), as well as the diverse and many livelihood opportunities associated to it. Small-scale fisheries (SSF) are essential to this, in which the pursuit of fish and invertebrates are central. If we are to look to blue foods to tackle food insecurity, we need deeper understanding of how coastal habitats function at the nexus of biodiversity, people, and food. Simply put, we need to know how habitats contribute to the supply of food, both in terms of ecological functions and social-economic drivers. Seagrass meadows, diverse and abundant across the Indo-Pacific region, are one of numerous coastal ecosystems that provide food and livelihoods opportunities. Using these systems as a setting, this thesis aims to explore how seagrass meadows and their associated SSF contribute to food security. Comprised of five papers, this thesis relies on a mixed-methods approach to understand seagrass social-ecological systems. The papers range in their dependence on empirical data, their scale as well as the methods employed. Paper I used biodiversity ecosystem function theories to assess the influence of seagrass biota on the production of associated fish in the context of SSF in Tanzania. It highlighted that structural seagrass traits, rather than species richness, are key for driving the abundance and richness of species that are key for food. Paper II investigated the socio-economic drivers that influence seagrass use at the household level. It revealed that household use of seagrass meadows for food and income was higher than all other habitats, and that people use seagrass meadows because they are reliable. It also revealed that household income was key in shaping why people use seagrass meadows as fishing grounds, where both low- and high-income households were dependent on the habitat; low income as a safety-net and high income for high rewards. Paper III examined two key elements of food security, food quantity and quality, and revealed how seagrass meadows contribute to both in the context of micronutrients that are vital for human health. Data from across East Africa showed that seagrass meadows played a more important role than other habitats in providing micronutrient-rich fish species. Paper IV used local ecological knowledge to reveal perceived temporal change in fish and invertebrate abundance and size, but simultaneously identified potential contrasting cognitions that place human communities at risk. Finally, Paper V provided a synthesis of past studies that explored how certain sustainable development initiative result in unintended consequences that influence the supply of blue food. It revealed a number of unintended effects which place the people that use seagrass meadows at risk while at the same time lessening the positive effects of the sustainable development initiative itself. This thesis describes the dynamic interactions between biodiversity, people and food, and place seagrass meadows – habitats that exist globally – at the forefront of the blue food agenda. It highlights how seagrass meadows represent many of the qualities we hope for in a food system – a system that provides sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for multiple and diverse individuals across society.
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| 6. |
- Pike, Felicity, et al.
(författare)
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Adaptive capacity within tropical marine protected areas – Differences between men- and women-headed households
- 2022
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Ingår i: Global Environmental Change. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-3780 .- 1872-9495. ; 76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Households within tropical coastal communities face a multitude of stressors related to environmental, social and economic change. To minimise negative impacts on households, a priority is to understand and if possible build adaptive capacity to enable adjustment to both extant, and anticipated stressors. Adaptive capacity may not be equally distributed across households due to social differences and inequalities, including gender. In this study we sought to understand whether the factors underlying adaptive capacity differ between men- and women-headed households across three marine protected areas (MPAs) in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Adaptive capacity was significantly higher in men-headed households compared to women-headed households between different MPAs as a whole, however significant differences were not found for men and women-headed households within the MPAs. The factors underlying adaptive capacity were investigated through boosted regression trees, a relatively novel approach within the field, and found to be similar between men and women counterparts. These factors were agency, material conditions, low ecosystem dependence, education, occupational multiplicity and needs satisfaction (i.e. a poverty indicator) which was singularly important in women-headed households. While the factors themselves were similar in men and women–headed households, gendered differences were found regarding differing levels in the identified factors. Accordingly, the processes that underly the differences found should be addressed within initiatives seeking to understand and build adaptive capacity.
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| 7. |
- Pike, Felicity, 1993-, et al.
(författare)
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Dynamic livelihoods, gender and poverty in marine protected areas : Case study from Zanzibar, Tanzania
- 2024
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Ingår i: Ambio. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Livelihood initiatives are common within marine protected areas (MPAs) aiming for poverty alleviation or higher income opportunities. However, results can be mixed in reality, as well as change over time. Furthermore, who benefits is a key consideration, as results can vary based on inequalities, including gender. Here, the monetary outcomes of different livelihood strategies were investigated across three MPA regions in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Using a quantitative approach, the results show that livelihoods have shifted in a six-year period, with livelihood strategies differing in poverty incidence and income. Livelihood initiatives, namely seaweed farming and tourism, did not provide significantly higher monetary returns compared to long-standing livelihoods, such as fisheries. Seaweed farming showed income stability but a high poverty incidence predominantly within women-headed households. During the study period, men primarily remained in fisheries, whilst women shifted to small-scale businesses and fisheries, largely exiting seaweed farming. This underscores a need for adaptive, gender sensitive management within fast changing coastal contexts.
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