| 1. |
- Ter Schure, Arnout F.H., et al.
(författare)
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Latitudinal Fractionation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Frogs (Rana temporaria)
- 2002
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 36:23, s. 5057-5061
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The flame retardant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. The environmental distribution of PBDEs is much less studied than that of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).To compare the environmental fate of the PCBs withtheir partial substitute, the PBDEs, common frogs (Ranatemporaria) were collected along a 1500-km-long latitudinal gradient of the Scandinavian Peninsula and their livers analyzed for PCBs and PBDEs. Mean concentrations of total PCBs and BDE47 ranged from 9200 to 92 900 and 30 to120 ng kg-1 fresh weight, respectively, whereas BDE99 was detected in less than 50% of the frogs. PCB concentrations were higher than that of the PBDEs, and the differences decreased in the northern latitudes. Moreover, the pollutant concentrations in frog livers were negative functions of latitude. The observed scatter and regression slopes imply several influencing factors (such as habitat, exposure route, uptake, metabolism, excretion, etc.) and indicate release events instead of the grasshopper effect. Biological variables such as gender, age, body size, and lipid content did not influence pollutant concentrations in the frog livers. The total PCB and BDE47 concentrations in frogs were highly correlated. Hence, their environmental fate is analogous and our results highlight the need to examine the potential role of xenobiotics on amphibian populations.
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| 2. |
- ter Schure, Arnout, et al.
(författare)
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Latitudinal fractionation of polyhrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in frogs in (Rana temporaria)
- 2002
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Ingår i: Environmental Science & Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5851 .- 0013-936X. ; 36:23, s. 5057-5061
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The flame retardant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. The environmental distribution of PBDEs is much less studied than that of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). To compare the environmental fate of the PCBs with their partial substitute, the PBDEs, common frogs (Rana temporaria)were collected along a similar to1500-km-long latitudinal gradient of the Scandinavian Peninsula and their livers analyzed for PCBs and PBDEs. Mean concentrations of total PCBs and BDE47 ranged from 9200 to 92 900 and 30 to 120 ng kg(-1) fresh weight, respectively, whereas BDE99 was detected in less than 50% of the frogs. PCB concentrations were higher than that of the PBDEs, and the differences decreased in the northern latitudes. Moreover, the pollutant concentrations in frog livers were negative functions of latitude. The observed scatter and regression slopes imply several influencing factors (such as habitat, exposure route, uptake, metabolism, excretion, etc.) and indicate release events instead of the grasshopper effect. Biological variables such as gender, age, body size, and lipid content did not influence pollutant concentrations in the frog livers. The total PCB and BDE47 concentrations in frogs were highly correlated. Hence, their environmental fate is analogous and our results highlight the need to examine the potential role of xenobiotics on amphibian populations.
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| 3. |
- ter Schure, Arnout, et al.
(författare)
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in precipitation in Southern Sweden (Skane, Lund)
- 2002
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310. ; 36:25, s. 4015-4022
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The presence of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in total deposition (wet + dry) was assessed with the simultaneous use of three bulk samplers during a 2 week period. The particle associated and the 'dissolved' phase were separated during sampling. Volume weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of SigmaPBDE (9 congeners) in rain were 209 pg l(-1). Total deposition rates were 2 +/- 1 ng SigmaPBDE m(-2) day(-1). The total PBDE deposition was dominated by decaBDE(209) and thereafter 2,2'4,4'-tetraBDE(47) and 2,2'4,4',5-pentaBDE(99). Concentrations of particle associated and 'dissolved' PBDEs in total deposition were used to calculate filter/adsorbent ratios (F/A). We found that 65 +/- 18% of the total PBDEs were particle associated. Low F/A ratios for higher brominated congeners (Br > 5) were observed. This is contradictory with predictions based on the PBDEs' physico-chemical properties and was attributed to sampling artefacts, such as particle size distribution, and/or non-equilibrium processes. There was a negative relationship between the particulate SigmaPBDE concentration and rain volume suggesting a dilution effect and the importance of particle scavenging for wet deposition of PBDEs. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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