| 1. |
- Barredo, José I., et al.
(författare)
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Mapping and assessment of forest ecosystems and their services : Applications and guidance for decision making in the framework of MAES
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this report is to illustrate by means of a series of case studies the implementation of mapping and assessment of forest ecosystem services in different contexts and geographical levels. Methodological aspects, data issues, approaches, limitations, gaps and further steps for improvement are analysed for providing good practices and decision making guidance. The EU initiative on Mappingand Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES), with the support of all Member States, contributes to improve the knowledge on ecosystem services. MAES is one of the building-block initiatives supporting the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020.
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| 2. |
- Dunker, Rickard, 1979-
(författare)
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Lokala ordningsföreskrifter
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Sweden there are more than 280,000 known ancient and historical remains and monuments (fornminnen), almost 17,500 protected natural areas, 48 certified airports, hundreds of ports and marinas and a very large number of geographical areas which constitutes so-called public place (offentlig plats) or are subject to shoreland protection (strandskydd). For each and every of these places, municipalities and/or some state administrative authorities may issue local ordinances on public order (lokala ordningsföreskrifter), i.e. additional local rules about what persons in the area have to observe concerning “the order” therein. This regulatory power has been used to regulate a wide range of different issues, e.g. consumption of alcohol, diving, gambling, skiing, Christmas decorations, fishing, running, collection of money, parking, supervision over cats, dogs and horses, placarding, demonstrations, photographing, camping, riding, golfing, marketing, barbecuing, boating, begging, moviemaking, goldpanning, climbing, leafleting, taxi services, cycling, smoking and hunting. It also happens that municipal servants or police officers are given extra powers through the local ordinances, e.g. a right to take certain measures against those who do not comply with the rules or to confiscate or forfeit property used in violation with the local decrees.The described arrangement and the examples raises many questions, e.g. whether all of these matters actually, with respect to the rest of the legal system, may be handled in local ordinances? If not, what can be regulated? Is there any supervision over the regulatory powers in question, for example whether the provisions are given a legal and appropriate content? How are the ordinances brought to the public's attention? Can the rules be subject to appeal and, if so, by whom and in what order? How do different ordinances regarding public order relate to each other in such geographic areas where they overlap? In this dissertation, this – the Swedish system with local ordinances on public order – is subject to a broad scientific examination.
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| 3. |
- Fischer, Alexander W., et al.
(författare)
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No insulating effect of obesity
- 2016
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Ingår i: American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : American Physiological Society. - 0193-1849 .- 1522-1555. ; 311:1, s. e202-e213
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of obesity may be aggravated if obesity itself insulates against heat loss and thus diminishes the amount of food burnt for body temperature control. This would be particularly important under normal laboratory conditions where mice experience a chronic cold stress (at approximate to 20 degrees C). We used Scholander plots (energy expenditure plotted against ambient temperature) to examine the insulation (thermal conductance) of mice, defined as the inverse of the slope of the Scholander curve at subthermoneutral temperatures. We verified the method by demonstrating that shaved mice possessed only half the insulation of non-shaved mice. We examined a series of obesity models [mice fed high-fat diets and kept at different temperatures, classical diet-induced obese mice, ob/ob mice, and obesity-prone (C57BL/6) vs. obesity-resistant (129S)mice]. We found that neither acclimation temperature nor any kind or degree of obesity affected the thermal insulation of the mice when analyzed at the whole mouse level or as energy expenditure per lean weight. Calculation per body weight erroneously implied increased insulation in obese mice. We conclude that, in contrast to what would be expected, obesity of any kind does not increase thermal insulation in mice, and therefore, it does not in itself aggravate the development of obesity. It may be discussed as to what degree of effect excess adipose tissue has on insulation in humans and especially whether significant metabolic effects are associated with insulation in humans.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Luijten, Ineke H. N., et al.
(författare)
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In the absence of UCP1-mediated diet-induced thermogenesis, obesity is augmented even in the obesity-resistant 129S mouse strain
- 2019
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Ingår i: American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : American Physiological Society. - 0193-1849 .- 1522-1555. ; 316:5, s. E729-E740
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The attractive tenet that recruitment and activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) could counteract the development of obesity and its comorbidities in humans has been experimentally corroborated mainly by experiments demonstrating that UCP1-ablated mice on a C57B1/6 background (exempt from thermal stress) become more obese when fed a high-fat diet. However, concerns may be raised that this outcome of UCP1 ablation is restricted to this very special inbred and particularly obesity-prone mouse strain. Therefore, we have examined to which degree UCP1 ablation has similar metabolic effects in a mouse strain known to be obesity resistant: the 129S strain. For this, male 129S2/sv or 129SV/Pas mice and corresponding UCP1-knockout mice were fed chow or a high-fat or a cafeteria diet for 4 w.k. The absence of UCP1 augmented obesity (weight gain, body fat mass, %body fat, fat depot size) in high-fat diet- and cafeteria-fed mice, with a similar or lower food intake, indicating that, when present, UCP1 indeed decreases metabolic efficiency. The increased obesity was due to a decrease in energy expenditure. The consumption of a high-fat or cafeteria diet increased total BAT UCP1 protein levels in wild-type mice, and correspondingly. high-fat diet and cafeteria diet-fed mice demonstrated increased norepinephrine-induced oxygen consumption. There was a positive correlation between body fat and total BAT UCP1 protein content. No evidence for diet-induced adrenergic thermogenesis was found in UCP1-ablated mice. Thus, the obesity-reducing effect of UCP1 is not restricted to a particular, and perhaps not representative, mouse strain.
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| 6. |
- von Essen, Gabriella, et al.
(författare)
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Adaptive facultative diet-induced thermogenesis in wild-type but not in UCP1-ablated mice
- 2017
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Ingår i: American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : American Physiological Society. - 0193-1849 .- 1522-1555. ; 313:5, s. E515-E527
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The significance of diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) for metabolic control is still debated. Although obesogenic diets recruit UCP1 and adrenergically inducible thermogenesis, and although the absence of UCP1 may promote the development of obesity, no actual UCP1-related thermogenesis identifiable as diet-induced thermogenesis has to date been unambiguously demonstrated. Examining mice living at thermoneutrality, we have identified a process of facultative (directly elicited by acute eating), adaptive (magnitude develops over weeks on an obesogenic diet), and fully UCP1-dependent thermogenesis. We found no evidence for UCP1-independent diet-induced thermogenesis. The thermogenesis was proportional to the total amount of UCP1 protein in brown adipose tissue and was not dependent on any contribution of UCP1 in brite/beige adipose tissue, since no UCP1 protein was found there under these conditions. Total UCP1 protein amount developed proportionally to total body fat content. The physiological messenger linking obesity level and acute eating to increased thermogenesis is not known. Thus UCP1-dependent diet-induced thermogenesis limits obesity development during exposure to obesogenic diets but does not prevent obesity as such.
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| 7. |
- von Essen, Gabriella, 1962-
(författare)
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Energy flow and metabolic efficiency attributed to brown adipose tissue
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The large capacity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) to expend energy as heat makes it an interesting potential player in weight regulation and other metabolic conditions. This is of particular interest as it has been recognized that adult humans possess BAT. The protein responsible for the heat production is uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which, as the name implies, uncouples the respiratory chain from ATP production; instead heat is produced. Cold is the strongest recruiter and activator of BAT. However, also obesogenic food has a low but nonetheless significant effect on the recruitment and activation of UCP1, although the significance of this has been discussed.In the present thesis, I have studied the effect of diet on BAT and the possibilities for it to be obesity-protective. This can be done by comparing responses in wild-type mice and in UCP1-ablated mice. Since the effect of diet on BAT is low, it is of importance to control the temperature and maintain thermoneutrality. Other confounding factors to keep in mind are differences in actual energy and composition of food and also cohort differences. When controlling all the parameters mentioned and giving the mice the same obesogenic diet, the mice possessing UCP1 compared to UCP1-ablated mice had higher energy expenditure, and lower weight gain, despite eating more. This confirms the presence of a UCP1-dependent diet-induced thermogenesis. Thus, the conclusion must be that possessing UCP1 does result in obesity protection at thermoneutrality. However, the relevance for human energy balance is still not established.
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