| 1. |
- Abdul Hamid, Akram, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of high residential density on the building technology, HVAC systems, and indoor environment in Swedish apartments
- 2020
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Ingår i: E3S Web of Conferences. Volyme 172, 2020.. - : EDP Sciences. ; 172
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the last few years, there has been an increased number of overcrowded apartments, due to increased migration but also housing shortage in general, particularly in the suburbs to major cities. The question is how the indoor environment in these apartments is affected by the high number of persons and how the problems related to high residential density can be overcome. This paper aims to specify the problem by investigating and analysing the technical parameters influenced by residential density in Swedish apartments built between 1965-1974. To map the situation, 11 interviews with employees at housing companies were conducted. Based on extreme conditions described in the interviews, simulations of the indoor climate and moisture risks at some vulnerable parts of constructions were made. Simulations were focused on moisture loads and CO2 concentrations as functions of residential density and ventilation rate. Finally, measures to combat problems associated to overcrowding are suggested. The aim is that the results should be used by authorities to formulate incentives and/or recommendations for housing companies to take actions to ensure a good indoor environment for all, irrespective of residential density conditions. © The Authors.
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| 2. |
- Francart, Nicolas, 1993-, et al.
(författare)
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Sharing indoor space: stakeholders’ perspectives and energy metrics
- 2020
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Ingår i: Buildings and Cities. - : Ubiquity Press, Ltd.. - 2632-6655. ; , s. 70-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sharing of indoor space can improve space and energy efficiency. The drivers and barriers to space-sharing initiatives are investigated from the perspectives of building users and building sector practitioners, based on interviews and a workshop. The role of energy performance metrics in promoting space efficiency is further analysed through a literature review. From the users’ perspective, space sharing can be understood through the interplay between tangible aspects (e.g. concrete benefits derived from sharing), organisational aspects (e.g. common decision processes and conflict resolution) and social aspects (e.g. group identity and consensus on appropriate behaviours). From the perspective of architects and property owners, shareable spaces require features such as flexibility and multifunctionality. The design of such spaces is limited by regulatory issues (e.g. building regulations poorly accommodate shared facilities) and business-related issues. One such issue is that building performance metrics normalised based on floor area do not incentivise the efficient use of space. A review of complementary metrics is provided, covering parameters such as number of users, layout, time of use, etc. Each metric serves a particular purpose; therefore, a set of complementary metrics can be used to support decisions at different phases of the building’s life cycle. Practice relevanceImproving space efficiency (e.g. by sharing indoor space) is a key strategy to meet simultaneously the future demand for facilities in cities and fulfil environmental objectives such as a reduction of climate change impact in the building sector. A clearer understanding of the specificities of space sharing is provided from the perspectives of building users and practitioners. This will assist practitioners to understand the needs of other stakeholders. Regulatory and business-related barriers to space-sharing initiatives are highlighted as a first step towards overcoming these barriers. Guidance is provided on complementary energy performance metrics appropriate for space efficiency. These metrics can be used to support various decisions during the different stages of a building’s life cycle.
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| 3. |
- von Platten, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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A matter of metrics? : How analysing per capita energy use changes the face of energy efficient housing in Sweden and reveals injustices in the energy transition
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energy Research & Social Science. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2214-6296 .- 2214-6326. ; 70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improving energy performance of the housing stock continues to be an important undertaking in the energy transition of many EU member states. However, tendencies of low-income households generally living in buildings with low energy performance pose a challenge for this transition, and cases of ‘renoviction’ and ‘green gentrification’ are becoming more and more noticed in the scientific community. More so, questions regarding the distributive justice of costs and burdens in the energy transition of the housing stock have been raised. In this paper, we approach this problem from a perspective of energy performance metrics. Although energy performance (kWh/m2, year) is generally lower in buildings inhabited by low-income households, residential density—and thus building utilisation—tends to be higher. By measuring per capita energy use instead of area-normalised energy use, we investigate if a high residential density can offset a low energy performance and change the perception of which buildings are considered energy inefficient and which are not. Results showed that by measuring per capita energy use instead of area-normalised energy use, energy inefficient buildings were found in high-income city centres instead of in low-income suburbs of Swedish cities. Moreover, there has been an unjust distribution of the imposition of the energy transition over the past decade where the residents with the initially lowest per capita energy use have carried a disproportionately high share of the energy savings. This suggests that a change of energy performance metrics could offer an approach for a more socially just and sustainable energy transition of the housing stock. © 2020 The Author(s)
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| 4. |
- von Platten, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Energy inequality as a risk in socio-technical energy transitions : The Swedish case of individual metering and billing of energy for heating
- 2020
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Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. - : IOP Publishing Ltd. - 1755-1307 .- 1755-1315. ; 588:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improved energy efficiency in the housing stock is an important undertaking in the energy transition but is associated with both opportunities and risks. While there are possibilities to reduce energy inequalities in the housing stock, inequalities also risk being aggravated as actions for energy efficiency usually aim at the least energy efficient - and thus sometimes the least privileged - parts of the housing stock. In this paper, we use two different energy performance metrics (kWh/m2 and kWh/capita) to investigate the energy inequality in the Swedish multifamily building stock and explore the effects of these inequalities in the energy transition. More specifically, we investigate the implementation of individual metering and billing of energy for heating, which was recently implemented in the least energy efficient part of the housing stock. It was found that low-income households were overrepresented in the affected buildings. The consequence of this implementation is thus that the strongest protection against energy poverty in Sweden (collective billing for heating) is removed in a part of the housing stock where two of the predictors for energy poverty - low income and low energy performance - are overrepresented. It was concluded that acknowledging inequalities is crucial to avoid risks associated with the energy transition.
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| 5. |
- von Platten, Jenny
(författare)
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From Housing Inequalities to an Unjust Energy Transition : Data-driven analyses of socio-technical links in the Swedish multifamily building stock
- 2020
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Improving energy performance in the Swedish multifamily building stock is an important undertaking in order to reach national and international targets for energy efficiency. However, growing economic inequalities in Sweden, manifested in the multifamily building stock as housing inequalities that entail segregation, overcrowding, and differences in standard of living, have led to low-income households being overrepresented in buildings with low energy performance. In order to ensure that inequalities are not reproduced in the energy transition of the Swedish multifamily building stock, there is a need for increased recognition of socio-technical challenges and their implications for a just transition. The aim of this licentiate dissertation is to improve the socio-technical understanding of the energy transition in the Swedish multifamily building stock and to explore its implications for distributive justice of benefits and burdens among residents. To do this, a national database including both technical and social data was assembled to enable a data-driven approach to study challenges in this transition.The results from the studies included in this dissertation improve the socio-technical understanding of this transition in primarily three ways. First, it was shown that low-income households have carried the greatest share of the past decade’s energy savings in the multifamily building stock. Second, it was shown that low-income households were disproportionally affected by a policy aiming at reducing households’ energy use due to their overrepresentation in energy inefficient housing. Finally, it was shown that by analysing per capita energy use instead of area-normalised energy use in buildings, the opposite correlation between income and energy performance was found; per capita energy use was the lowest among low-income households, and the highest among high-income households. The reason for this opposite correlation is the higher residential density that is found in low-income households.These findings have implications for the understanding of distributive justice in the energy transition, as it can be considered an injustice that residents with the lowest per capita energy use are met with the highest demands for energy savings. Above all, these results suggest that one way to promote a socially just and sustainable energy transition of the housing stock could be through an increased recognition of efficient building utilisation as an alternative to high energy performance. This would create a more socioeconomically inclusive definition of sustainable living.
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| 6. |
- von Platten, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Using Machine Learning to Enrich Building Databases—Methods for Tailored Energy Retrofits
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 13:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Building databases are important assets when estimating and planning for national energy savings from energy retrofitting. However, databases often lack information on building characteristics needed to determine the feasibility of specific energy conservation measures. In this paper, machine learning methods are used to enrich the Swedish database of Energy Performance Certificates with building characteristics relevant for a chosen set of energy retrofitting packages. The study is limited to the Swedish multifamily building stock constructed between 1945 and 1975, as these buildings are facing refurbishment needs that advantageously can be combined with energy retrofitting. In total, 514 ocular observations were conducted in Google Street View of two building characteristics that were needed to determine the feasibility of the chosen energy retrofitting packages: (i) building type and (ii) suitability for additional façade insulation. Results showed that these building characteristics could be predicted with an accuracy of 88.9% and 72.5% respectively. It could be concluded that machine learning methods show promising potential to enrich building databases with building characteristics relevant for energy retrofitting, which in turn can improve estimations of national energy savings potential.
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