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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Brinck, Tore, et al.
(författare)
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Green Energetic Materials, Chapter 2: "Theoretical Design of Green Energetic Materials: Predicting Stability, Detection, Synthesis and Performance"
- 2014
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Ingår i: Green Energetic Materials. - 9781119941293 ; , s. 15-44
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since the end of the 20th century it has been increasingly realised that the use, or production, of many energetic materials leads to the release of substances which are harmful to both humans and the environment. To address this, the principles of green chemistry can be applied to the design of new products and their manufacturing processes, to create green energetic materials that are virtually free of environmental hazards and toxicity issues during manufacturing, storage, use and disposal. Active research is underway to develop new ingredients and formulations, green synthetic methods and non-polluting manufacturing processes.Green Energetic Materials provides a detailed account of the most recent research and developments in the field, including green pyrotechnics, explosives and propellants. From theoretical modelling and design of new materials, to the development of sustainable manufacturing processes, this book addresses materials already on the production line, as well as considering future developments in this evolving field.Topics covered include:Theoretical design of green energetic materialsDevelopment of green pyrotechnicsGreen primary and secondary explosivesOxidisers and binder materials for green propellantsEnvironmentally sustainable manufacturing technologies for energetic materialsElectrochemical methods for synthesis of energetic materials and waste remediationGreen Energetic Materials is a valuable resource for academic, industrial and governmental researchers working on the development of energetic materials, for both military and civilian applications.
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| 4. |
- Brinck, T, et al.
(författare)
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Green Energetic Materials, Chapter 7: "Green propellants Based on Dinitramide Salts: Mastering Stability and Chemical Compatibility Issues"
- 2014
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Ingår i: Green Energetic Materials, kapitel 7. - 9781119941293 ; , s. 179-204
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since the end of the 20th century it has been increasingly realised that the use, or production, of many energetic materials leads to the release of substances which are harmful to both humans and the environment. To address this, the principles of green chemistry can be applied to the design of new products and their manufacturing processes, to create green energetic materials that are virtually free of environmental hazards and toxicity issues during manufacturing, storage, use and disposal. Active research is underway to develop new ingredients and formulations, green synthetic methods and non-polluting manufacturing processes.Green Energetic Materials provides a detailed account of the most recent research and developments in the field, including green pyrotechnics, explosives and propellants. From theoretical modelling and design of new materials, to the development of sustainable manufacturing processes, this book addresses materials already on the production line, as well as considering future developments in this evolving field.Topics covered include:Theoretical design of green energetic materialsDevelopment of green pyrotechnicsGreen primary and secondary explosivesOxidisers and binder materials for green propellantsEnvironmentally sustainable manufacturing technologies for energetic materialsElectrochemical methods for synthesis of energetic materials and waste remediationGreen Energetic Materials is a valuable resource for academic, industrial and governmental researchers working on the development of energetic materials, for both military and civilian applications.
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| 5. |
- Karmakar, Anirban, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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A new methanol solvate and Hirshfeld analysis of π-stacking in 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene solvates
- 2013
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Ingår i: Acta Crystallographica Section C: Crystal Structure Communications. - 0108-2701 .- 1600-5759. ; C69:3, s. 251-254
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The structure of 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene (hhtp)methanol monosolvate, C18H12O6•CH3OH, has triclinicsymmetry (space group P1). The compound has a threedimensionallayered network structure formed by intermolecularhydrogen bonding. Structure analysis with Hirshfeldsurfaces is shown to be a sensitive method for comparing π -stacking effects in the five known solvates of hhtp. The titlestructure shows slightly weaker π -stacking than the dihydrate,but stronger π -stacking than the other three solvates.
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| 6. |
- Ubhayasekera, Sarojini J. K. A., et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of Sterol Oxidation in Oils Recovered from Exhausted Bleaching Earth by Coupled Capillary Column GC and GC–MS Methods
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. - : Wiley. - 0003-021X .- 1558-9331. ; 89:8, s. 1427-1433
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cholesterol and phytosterols are generally present in foods at ppm levels and they can generate many oxidation products, i.e. oxysterols. The oxysterols comprise only a small percentage of unoxidized sterols. Reliable quantitative data on these compounds requires reasonably good separation by capillary column GC. The present study attempts to overcome the difficulties involved in separating many common oxysterols generated from cholesterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol by coupling two high-resolution GC capillary columns. The columns, DB-17MS and DB-35MS, were coupled separately to a DB-5MS column. Total separation time of the authentic samples of oxysterols was 41 min for the DB-35MS/DB-5MS and 44 min for the DB-17MS/DB-5MS coupled columns. Two oil samples EBE1 and EBE2 extracted from exhausted bleaching earth collected from Europe were analyzed for oxysterol content by using these column combination systems. Both systems showed similar quantitative results; the total levels of oxysterols in these samples ranged from 2 to 3 mg/100 g. The prominent oxysterols were as follows: 7α-hydroxysterols (0.29–0.49 mg/100 g), 7β-hydroxysterols (0.13–0.68 mg/100 g) and 7-ketosterols (0.63–0.69 mg/100 g).
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| 7. |
- Kosaraju, Sravya, 1983
(författare)
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A review of the importance of recycling lithium-ion batteries for lithium, in view of impending electric vehicle industry
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Automobile electrification is one the technological developments, that will commence an earth friendly transport system, by mitigating emissions and hopefully lead to a less fossil fuel dependent society. With commercial success attained by models like Nissan’s leaf and Chevy’s Volt, the consumer market looks promising to assimilate vehicle electrification. At present these technologies include HEVs (hybrid electric vehicles), PHEVs (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles), EVs (complete electric vehicles).A closer look at these technologies will lead us to one of the crucial components of electric vehicles, the “batteries”. This component decides one of the key performance factors which is the energy storage and usage, which means it is the basis for public acceptability.The lithium-ion battery chemistries are chosen to fulfill this requirement. Although lithium constitutes of a small fraction of the complete battery weight, still its contin-ued availability in future is debated among many resource analysts.
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| 8. |
- Tehrani, Ali, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Solubilization of hydrophobic dyes in surfactant solutions
- 2013
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Ingår i: Materials. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1944. ; 6:2, s. 580-608
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, the use of surfactants for solubilization of hydrophobic organic dyes (mainly solvent and disperse dyes) has been reviewed. The effect of parameters such as the chemical structures of the surfactant and the dye, addition of salt and of polyelectrolytes, pH, and temperature on dye solubilization has been discussed. Surfactant self-assemble into micelles in aqueous solution and below the concentration where this occurs-the critical micelle concentration (CMC)-there is no solubilization. Above the CMC, the amount of solubilized dye increases linearly with the increase in surfactant concentration. It is demonstrated that different surfactants work best for different dyes. In general, nonionic surfactants have higher solubilization power than anionic and cationic surfactants. It is likely that the reason for the good performance of nonionic surfactants is that they allow dyes to be accommodated not only in the inner, hydrocarbon part of the micelle but also in the headgroup shell. It is demonstrated that the location of a dye in a surfactant micelle can be assessed from the absorption spectrum of the dye-containing micellar solution.
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| 9. |
- Ahrens, Lutz, et al.
(författare)
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Fate and effects of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment: A review
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. - : Wiley. - 0730-7268 .- 1552-8618. ; 33, s. 1921-1929
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are distributed ubiquitously in the aquatic environment, which raises concern for the flora and fauna in hydrosystems. The present critical review focuses on the fate and adverse effects of PFASs in the aquatic environment. The PFASs are continuously emitted into the environment from point and nonpoint sources such as sewage treatment plants and atmospheric deposition, respectively. Although concentrations of single substances may be too low to cause adverse effects, their mixtures can be of significant environmental concern. The production of C-8-based PFASs (i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonate [PFOS] and perfluorooctanoate [PFOA]) is largely phased out; however, the emissions of other PFASs, in particular short-chain PFASs and PFAS precursors, are increasing. The PFAS precursors can finally degrade to persistent degradation products, which are, in particular, perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs). In the environment, PFSAs and PFCAs are subject to partitioning processes, whereby short-chain PFSAs and PFCAs are mainly distributed in the water phase, whereas long-chain PFSAs and PFCAs tend to bind to particles and have a substantial bioaccumulation potential. However, there are fundamental knowledge gaps about the interactive toxicity of PFAS precursors and their persistent degradation products but also interactions with other natural and anthropogenic stressors. Moreover, because of the continuous emission of PFASs, further information about their ecotoxicological potential among multiple generations, species interactions, and mixture toxicity seems fundamental to reliably assess the risks for PFASs to affect ecosystem structure and function in the aquatic environment. (c) 2014 SETAC
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| 10. |
- Ahrens, Lutz
(författare)
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Temporal Variations of Cyclic and Linear Volatile Methylsiloxanes in the Atmosphere Using Passive Samplers and High-Volume Air Samplers
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 48, s. 9374-9381
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cyclic and linear volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMSs and IVMSs, respectively) were measured in ambient air over a period of over one year in Toronto, Canada. Air samples were collected using passive air samplers (PAS) consisting of sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disks in parallel with high volume active air samplers (HV-AAS). The average difference between the SIP-PAS derived concentrations in air for the individual VMSs and those measured using HV-AAS was within a factor of 2. The air concentrations (HV-AAS) ranged 22-351 ng m(-3) and 1.3-15 ng m(-3) for Sigma cVMSs (D-3, D-4, D-5, D-6) and Sigma lVMSs (L-3, L-4, L-5), respectively, with decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D-5) as the dominant compound (similar to 75% of the Sigma VMSs). Air masses arriving from north to northwest (i.e., less populated areas) were significantly less contaminated with VMSs compared to air arriving from the south that are impacted by major urban and industrial areas in Canada and the U.S. (p < 0.05). In addition, air concentrations of Sigma cVMSs were lower during major snowfall events (on average, 73 ng m(-3)) in comparison to the other sampling periods (121 ng m(-3)). Ambient temperature had a small influence on the seasonal trend of VMS concentrations in air, except for dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D-6), which was positively correlated with the ambient temperature (p < 0.001).
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