| 1. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Actor-Observer differences in realism in confidence and frequency judgments
- 2004
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 117:3, s. 251-274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Taking a social psychological approach to metacognitive judgments, this study analyzed the difference in realism (validity) in confidence and frequency judgments (i.e., estimates of overall accuracy) between one’s own and another person’s answers to general knowledge questions. Experiment 1 showed that when judging their own answers, compared with another’s answers, the participants exhibited higher overconfidence, better ability to discriminate correct from incorrect answers, lower accuracy, and lower confidence. However, the overconfidence effect could be attributable to the lowest level of confidence. Furthermore, when heeding additional information about another’s answers the participants showed higher confidence and better discrimination ability. The overconfidence effect of Experiment 1 was not found in Experiment 2. However, the results of Experiment 2 were consistent with Experiment 1 in terms of discrimination ability, confidence, and accuracy. Finally, in both experiments the participants gave lower frequency judgments of their own overall accuracy compared with their frequency judgments of another person’s overall accuracy.
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| 2. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Increased realism in eyewitness confidence judgments : The effect of dyadic collaboration
- 2003
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 17:5, s. 545-561
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated to what extent, and under what circumstances, pair collaboration influences the realism in eyewitness confidence in event memory. The participants first saw a short film clip and then confidence rated their answers to questions on its content. A condition (the Individual–Pair condition) where individual effort preceded pair collaboration showed better calibration compared with a condition (the Simple Pair condition) where no individual effort took place. Furthermore, within the Individual–Pair condition, better calibration, and lower overconfidence, were found in the pair phase compared with the individual phase. The eyewitnesses in the Individual–Pair condition made more realistic judgements of the total number of questions answered correctly. In a control experiment no effect on realism in confidence was found when individuals performed the same task twice. The improved realism in the Individual–Pair condition may partly be explained in terms of the increased accuracy and lowered confidence found for such items where the pair members’ had given different answers in the individual phase, and by a risky shift effect for such items where they had given the same answer.
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| 3. |
- Bredefeldt Öhman, Monica, 1948-
(författare)
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Episodiskt minne : finns det något sådant?
- 2003
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Ingår i: Nordisk Psykologi. - 0029-1463. ; 55:4, s. 232-341
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The distinction between semantic and episodic memory is discussed on the basis of an empirical study focusing on mental representations and autobiographical memory. The notion of episodic memory is called in question. An alternative model is proposed which is grounded in whether the memory is refering to the self or not, and if a phenomenal reliving experience is activated or not. In the proposed model autobiographical memory and semantic memory are partly overlapping but the recollective memory is regarded to be a "natural kind" and consequently secluded. Everything a person knows and remembers has its origin in experiences. If the experiences are emotionally significant for the self they will fill a different function for the individual than they will if they are emotionally neutral. This is the crucial point for whether the memory of an experience will become a semantic memory or an autobiographical memory.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Masche, J. Gowert, et al.
(författare)
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Influences between parents and adolescents during the transition from middle school to the next stage of school or professional education
- 2003
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Ingår i: Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht. - 0342-183X. ; 50:2, s. 152-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to individuation theory of parent-adolescent relationships, the primary parent-child hierarchy is gradually replaced by a peer-like reciprocity of parents and adolescents. However, it is questioned whether a peer-like relationship is the aim of development. Within a time span of about half a year, 41 families with school leavers after 10th grade of non college-bound school track were interrogated three times, regarding their mutual influences. Between-subject factors were the kind of educational transition (into professional training vs. to a different school track) and. the existence of younger and of older siblings. According to the family members' statements, parental influences prevailed at all time points. Both generations influenced each other for the adolescents' benefit, especially concerning school and career. Further results indicated that greater mutuality in the parent-child relationship was more intensively pursued by the parents rather than by the adolescents.
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