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- Aupée, Anne-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Age-related changes of phasic heart rate responses to affective pictures
- 2008
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 49:4, s. 325-331
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined age differences in phasic heart rate in response to neutral, negative and positive pictures. Heart rate changes and subjective ratings were analyzed in 22 middle-aged (40-55 years) and 30 older (56-78 years) participants. The effects of valence on the HR pattern across time were similar to that obtained by Bradley and co-workers. Conversely to previous studies, we did not report any age-related reduction in cardiac reactivity. Instead, when viewing positive pictures, the triphasic wave form appeared in the group of older adults, but for younger participants, it was replaced by a sustained deceleration. These results were interpreted in the light of the socioemotional selectivity theory.
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- Dahl, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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The relation between realism in confidence judgements and the phenomenological quality of recognition memory when using emotionally valenced pictures
- 2006
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : John Wiley & Sons Inc.. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 20:6, s. 791-806
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between the phenomenological quality of memory (Tulving, 1985) and the realism (validity) in confidence judgement when using emotional pictures (I.A.P.S; Lang, Ohman, & Vaitl, 1988). A series of three experiments was completed where the participants judged the phenomenological quality of their memory and/or their confidence. The results showed facilitation for the negative pictures in a matrix search task in the encoding phase, where negative pictures were more easily and quickly detected, compared to positive ones. In the memory phase of the experiments a higher degree of recollective experience (a larger proportion of 'remember' responses) was found for negative pictures. A higher level of confidence for recognition of negative pictures than for positive ones was obtained, but no general valence dependent effect on the realism in the confidence judgement was found. However, when analysing only the remember responses, negative pictures showed higher overconfidence than the positive pictures. The results support that a recollective experience induces higher confidence and overconfidence.
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- Masche, J. Gowert, 1967-
(författare)
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Explanation of normative declines in parents’ knowledge about their adolescent children
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: This study searches for developmental mechanisms explaining why parents possess less knowledge about their adolescent children, as these get older. Family processes related to adolescents’ striving for and parents’ granting of autonomy, and adolescents’ relations outside the family might be such developmental mechanisms.Methods: A total of 2,415 Swedish adolescents aged 13 to 18 participated in at least two consecutive waves of a five-year time-sequential survey study with annual assessments. Of a sub-sample of 10-16 year-olds, 1,223 parents filled out questionnaires at Times 1 and/or 3. Multi-level analyses were conducted to test whether family process variables and adolescents’ relations outside the family explained intraindividual residual change of parental knowledge, and whether these effects explained normative age variations of knowledge.Results: Adolescent-reported parental knowledge declined more and more steeply with age. Adolescents’ reduced disclosure of information and their defiance of parental requests explained about 40 percent of this normative age variation. Other processes such as increasing parental solicitation of information and adolescents’ improved peer relations had an enhancing effect on parental knowledge and thus slowed down the decline of knowledge. Few gender differences occurred. Conclusions: Adolescents achieve autonomy from parents by managing information they provide to them and by acting against parental requests. These autonomy-related behaviors explain a large portion of the normative age decline of knowledge. However, increased parental solicitation and improved relations outside the family increasingly contribute to parental knowledge, thus limiting its decline. This suggests that family members balance adolescents’ autonomy and their connectedness with the family.
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- Masche, J. Gowert, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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“I Don’t Tell You!” : Do Parent-Adolescent Interaction Problems Cause Both Low Parental Knowledge and Adolescent Internalizing?
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Paradoxically, knowledge that parents posses about their adolescent children’s activities declines with age, but low levels of knowledge are associated with externalizing and internalizing problems. Might there only be a small group of adolescents with steeply declining parental knowledge? Or, are interindividual differences in knowledge and its normative decline independent of each other? This study will explore different trajectories of knowledge in order to answer this question.Second, why is low parental knowledge associated with adolescent problems? Focusing on internalizing problems, does parental knowledge really predict them over time, or do they reduce parental knowledge, for example because a depressed or unconfident adolescent tends to withdraw from conversation? This study will determine the direction of effects.Third, if parental knowledge predicts internalizing problems, why is this so? Previous studies suggest that both knowledge and internalizing might result from family interaction processes (Kerr & Stattin, 2000), but the same results could also be read as mediation from knowledge via family interactions to internalizing. Furthermore, knowledge was only partly explained by parent-adolescent interaction processes, lending doubt to the interpretation of parental knowledge as a mere expression of them (Barber, 2005). Thus, parental knowledge might either be an indicator of parent-adolescent communication or a causal factor in its own. This study will contribute to clarification. Aversive parental behaviors and adolescent non-disclosure and oppositional behavior were chosen as predictors because they belong to problematic parent-adolescent interactions and because of their links to adolescent internalizing problems.A representative Swedish community sample of 1,744 adolescents of age 10-14 at T0 was re-assessed at four annual occasions T1-4. Each year, adolescents filled out questionnaires at school.Using Growth Mixture Modeling, three trajectories of parental knowledge, and two trajectories each of self-esteem and depression were revealed across T1-4. The three knowledge trajectories differed in level, but each trajectory had virtually the same age decline.In all subsequent analyses, the effects of predictor variables at T0 on T1-4 trajectories of either knowledge or depression, or self-esteem were tested, above and beyond the stability of the respective dependent variable since T0. These analyses revealed effects of parental knowledge on trajectories of depression and self-esteem, but not vice versa.A conceptual model was concluded from a series of analyses including parent-adolescent interaction variables. If parents exerted aversive behaviors such as being harsh or making fun of their children, these disclosed not much information and behaved oppositional which in turn predicted low levels of parental knowledge. Although knowledge had predicted adolescent depression and low self-esteem when entered in the analyses alone, it did not consistently predict these variables if adolescents’ opposition and non-disclosure were taken into account.In conclusion, the normative decline of parental knowledge and interindividual differences are two independent phenomena which might have different causes. This study has contributed to an understanding of how parent-adolescent interactions lead to interindividual differences in knowledge. Low levels of knowledge were not a consistent causal factor for adolescent internalizing symptoms, but clearly indicated parent-adolescent problems.
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- Masche, J. Gowert, 1967-
(författare)
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Revisiting Barber's behavioral control : an action-theoretical interpretation of ascribed parental knowledge
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Barber (e.g., 1996, 2005) has proposed that parental behavioral control has a unique effect on adolescents’ normbreaking, even if psychological control and support are statistically controlled. Barber uses a scale of parental knowledge as a measure of behavioral control. However, parental knowledge and normbreaking are more closely associated with adolescents’ free disclosure of information than with behavioral control. Moreover, disclosure explains part of the association between knowledge and normbreaking, whereas behavioral control does not (Kerr & Stattin, 2000; Stattin & Kerr, 2000). This makes parental knowledge a questionable measure of behavioral control, and it suggests that family communication and relationship processes affect normbreaking more than behavioral control does. However, Kerr and Stattin did not specifically test Barber’s theory. They did not statistically control psychological control and support which might have “cleaned” parental knowledge of its relationship and communication-associated facets and thus might have left a more valid measure of parental control. Thus, the first aim of this study is to test whether the unique association of parental knowledge with adolescent normbreaking, after controlling psychological control and parental support, can be explained by parental behavioral control—as Barber proposes—or rather by family relationship processes—as Stattin and Kerr suggest.Given previous empirical findings (e.g., Kerr & Stattin, 2000; Stattin & Kerr, 2000), interpreting parental knowledge as an index of relationship properties or as behavioral control might both be insufficient. As an alternative, this paper takes an action-theoretical perspective and views parental knowledge as an expectancy in an expectancy-value model. The extent to which adolescents ascribe knowledge about themselves to their parents can be seen as adolescents’ expectancy that the parents will gain knowledge about their actions. A value that together with this expectancy might predict less adolescent normbreaking is adolescents’ desire to please and comfort their parents. According to Individuation Theory (Youniss & Smollar, 1985), this is a common desire among adolescents. If adolescents expect their parents will be knowledgeable about their activities, and if they do not want to worry them, they might engage in less normbreaking than adolescents who either do not care about their parents’ worries or who expect that the parents will not know about their normbreaking. The second aim of this study is to test this interaction effect on normbreaking.A German sample of 968 13- and 16-year-olds filled out questionnaires at school. Scales for parental knowledge, psychological control, parental support, and normbreaking were identical to Barber’s (2005) study. Behavioral control was measured with scales for spare-time control (curfew rules, low laissez-faire), school control, and harsh punishments. Family relationship processes were tapped by scales of parental warmth and openness and of adolescents’ caring for their parents. The latter measure aimed at assessing family processes similar to those covered by Kerr and Stattin’s scale of free disclosure of information. Finally, the desire to please and comfort their parents was measured with a newly developed scale. All measures evinced adequate psychometric properties.Concerning the first aim of this study, parental knowledge was strongly related to low normbreaking (Model 0), even after controlling psychological control and parental support (Model 1). Although the various facets of behavioral control were associated with normbreaking (Model 0), only punishments explained a small part of the effect of parental knowledge (Model 2c). But punishments were inversely related to parental knowledge and predicted more instead of less normbreaking. Out of the two family relationship process variables, caring for parents explained a small part of the effect of parental knowledge (Model 2e). In total, however, the largest part of the effect of parental knowledge remained unexplained (Model 3). Thus, the results do not support Barber’s idea that parental knowledge is an index of behavioral control. The findings support Stattin and Kerr’s (2000, Kerr & Stattin, 2000) critique of knowledge as a measure of behavioral control. However, also family relationship processes explained only little of the association between parental knowledge and normbreaking.The results testing the expectancy-value model of parental knowledge and the desire to please the parents, explaining low normbreaking, were as follows. Parental knowledge, the desire to please the parents, and their interaction predicted low normbreaking (if latent main effect factors were scaled to SD = 1, beta = –.39, –.22, and ‑.06, resp., all p’s < .05). The stronger the desire to please the parents, the steeper the decline of normbreaking with increasing parental knowledge. Most adolescents desired strongly to please their parents. However, results suggest almost no effect of parental knowledge if adolescents have no desire to please their parents. In summary, the proposed expectancy-value model is supported by the data.Barber has described parenting as a unidirectional process. This description rests on studies using parental knowledge as an index for parental behaviors. As in previous studies, this interpretation of parental knowledge is not supported. This paper provides initial support for a new view on parental knowledge: Adolescents actively decide about what they do, in the light of what they expect the consequences to be and how they evaluate them.
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| 10. |
- Stenberg, Georg, 1947-
(författare)
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Conceptual and perceptual factors in the picture superiority effect
- 2006
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Ingår i: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. - : Psychology Press. - 0954-1446 .- 1464-0635. ; 18:6, s. 813-847
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The picture superiority effect, i.e. better memory for pictures than for corresponding words, has been variously ascribed to a conceptual or a perceptual processing advantage. The present study aimed to disentangle perceptual and conceptual contributions. Pictures and words were tested for recognition in both their original formats and translated into participants´ second language. Multinomial Processing Tree (Batchelder & Riefer, 1999) and MINERVA (Hintzman, 1984) models were fitted to the data, and parameters corresponding to perceptual and conceptual recognition were estimated. Over three experiments, orienting tasks were varied, with neutral (Exp 1), semantic (Exp. 2), and perceptual (Exp. 3) instructions, and the encoding manipulations were used to validate the parameters. Results indicate that there is picture superiority in both conceptual and perceptual memory, but conceptual processing makes a stronger contribution to the advantage of pictures over words in recognition.
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