| 11. |
- Sundgren, David, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Warp Effects on Calculating Interval Probabilities
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Approximate Reasoning. - : Elsevier BV. - 0888-613X .- 1873-4731. ; 50:9, s. 1360-1368
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In real-life decision analysis, the probabilities and utilities of consequences are in general vague and imprecise. One way to model imprecise probabilities is to represent a probability with the interval between the lowest possible and the highest possible probability, respectively. However, there are disadvantages with this approach; one being that when an event has several possible outcomes, the distributions of belief in the different probabilities are heavily concentrated toward their centres of mass, meaning that much of the information of the original intervals are lost. Representing an imprecise probability with the distribution’s centre of mass therefore in practice gives much the same result as using an interval, but a single number instead of an interval is computationally easier and avoids problems such as overlapping intervals. We demonstrate why second-order calculations add information when handling imprecise representations, as is the case of decision trees or probabilistic networks. We suggest a measure of belief density for such intervals. We also discuss properties applicable to general distributions. The results herein apply also to approaches which do not explicitly deal with second-order distributions, instead using only first-order concepts such as upper and lower bounds.
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| 12. |
- Antai, Diddy, et al.
(författare)
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Inequities in Under-Five Mortality in Nigeria : Differentials by Religious Affiliation of the Mother
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of religion and health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0022-4197 .- 1573-6571. ; 48:3, s. 290-304
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Observations in Nigeria have indicated polio vaccination refusal related to religion that ultimately affected child morbidity and mortality. This study assessed the role of religion in under-five (0-59 months) mortality using a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of 7,620 women aged 15-49 years from the 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey and included 6,029 children. Results show that mother's affiliation to Traditional indigenous religion is significantly associated with increased under-five mortality. Multivariable modelling demonstrated that this association is explained by differential use of maternal and child health services, specifically attendance to prenatal care. To reduce child health inequity, these results need to be incorporated in the formulation of child health policies geared towards achieving a high degree of attendance to prenatal care, irrespective of religious affiliation.
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| 13. |
- Birgegård, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Anorexic self-control and bulimic self-hate : differential outcome prediction from initial self-image
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Eating Disorders. - : Wiley. - 0276-3478 .- 1098-108X. ; 42:6, s. 522-530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE:: The study investigated initial self-image (structural analysis of social behavior) and its relation to 36-month outcome, among patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Hypotheses were that degree of different aspects of self-image would predict outcome in the groups. METHOD:: Participants were 52 patients with anorexia and 91 with bulimia from a longitudinal naturalistic database, and outcome measures included eating disorder and psychiatric symptoms and a general outcome index. Stepwise regression was used to investigate which self-image variables were related to outcome, and multiple regression contrasted the groups directly on each obtained predictor. RESULTS:: Consistent with hypotheses, in bulimia degree of self-hate/self-love moderately predicted outcome, whereas self-control-related variables powerfully predicted outcome in anorexia. CONCLUSION:: It is important to focus on self-image in the treatment of both diagnostic groups, but especially in anorexia nervosa, where control-submission interactions between patient and therapist should be handled with care.
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| 14. |
- Bos (Sparén), Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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District nurses' experience of supervising nursing students in primary health care : A pre- and post-implementation questionnaire study.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nurse Education in Practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 1471-5953 .- 1873-5223. ; 9:6, s. 361-366
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nursing students go through clinical supervision in primary health care settings but district nurses' (DNs) circumstances when supervising them are only briefly described in the literature. The aim of this study was to investigate DNs experience of supervising nursing students before and after the implementation of a new supervision model. Ninety-eight (74%) DNs answered a questionnaire before and 84 (65%) after implementation of the new supervision model. The study showed that DNs in most cases felt that conditions for supervision in the workplace were adequate. But about 70% lacked training for the supervisory role and 20% had no specialist district nurse training. They also experienced difficulty in keeping up-to-date with changes in nurse education programmes, in receiving support from the university and from their clinic managers, and in setting aside time for supervision. Improvements after the implementation of a new model chiefly concerned organisation; more DNs stated that one person had primary responsibility for students' clinical practice, that information packages for supervisors and students were available at the health care centres, and that conditions were in place for increasing the number of students they supervised. DNs also stated that supervisors and students benefited from supervision by more than one supervisor. To conclude, implementation of a new supervision model resulted in some improvements.
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| 15. |
- Lannsjö, Marianne, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence and structure of symptoms at 3 months after mild traumatic brain injury in a national cohort
- 2009
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Ingår i: Brain Injury. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9052 .- 1362-301X. ; 23:3, s. 213-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES To describe symptom prevalence and structure after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) in a population-based cohort. METHODS Symptoms data were collected at 3 months post-MTBI by use of the Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) at follow-up of 2602 patients attending 39 Swedish hospitals. Spearmans rank correlation analysis was used to explore correlations between symptoms and structural equation modelling (SEM) was performed by use of several fit indices to explore if data were compatible with one or more factors. RESULTS Questionnaires were received from 2523 (97%) patients with a mean age of 31 years (median 22, range 6-96). A majority of the respondents (56%) reported no remaining injury related symptoms, 24% reported three or more symptoms and 10% reported seven or more symptoms. All symptoms exhibited strong positive inter-relations and SEM provided strong support for a single or two factor solution. Fit indices were only slightly weaker for three and four factor solutions. CONCLUSIONS A significant minority of patients reported multiple symptoms to persist at 3 months after MTBI. The observed structure of symptoms according to RPQ demonstrates a common factor for all symptoms, but also sub-groups of symptoms as previously suggested.
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| 16. |
- Lindberg, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Comparisons between five self-administered instruments predicting sick leaves in a 4-year follow-up
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-0131 .- 1432-1246. ; 82:2, s. 227-234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore and compare the ability of five instruments for self-rating to predict future sick leave rates. METHODS: In three Swedish municipalities 2,252 employees completed a baseline questionnaire and were followed up for 4 years. Five health-oriented instruments for self-rating were used as potential predictors of the two outcome measures no sick leave at all, and one or more spells of long-term sick leave >/=28 days. Positive and negative predictive values as well as Cox proportional hazard ratios (denoted as RRs) adjusted for age and work type were calculated. RESULTS: The instruments showed no statistical difference in predicting future sick leave for either of the sexes. For no sick leave RRs ranged between 1.27 and 1.52 (women), 1.35 and 1.61 (men); for long-term sick leave RRs ranged between 1.78 and 2.39 (women), 2.87 and 5.53 (men). However, the best prediction of long-term sick leave for men, RR 5.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.37-9.08, was significantly higher than the best prediction for women, RR 2.39, 95% CI 1.97-2.90. CONCLUSION: Prediction of long-term sick leave was better than that of no sick leave, and better among men than among women. There was a tendency for somewhat better prediction of future sick leave by multiple-question instruments, but single-question instruments can very well be used in predicting future sick leaves, and crude analyses stratified by sex can be used for screening purposes.
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| 17. |
- Okenwa, Leah E., et al.
(författare)
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Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence Amongst Women of Reproductive Age in Lagos, Nigeria : Prevalence and Predictors
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of family Violence. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0885-7482 .- 1573-2851. ; 24:7, s. 517-530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on predictors of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in Sub-Saharan Africa is contradictory, necessitating further investigation. This study sought the prevalence and predictors of IPV among women in Lagos, Nigeria. Questionnaire data from 934 women visiting an obstetrics and gynecology clinic in Lagos were analyzed using multivariable methods. The 1 year prevalence of IPV was 29%, with significant proportions reporting psychological (23%), physical (9%) and sexual (8%) abuse. In-access to information, women's autonomy and contribution to household expenses independently predicted IPV. The findings provide new incites for IPV prevention in Lagos with implications for further research.
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| 18. |
- Samsioe, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Ljungan Virus Present in Intrauterine Fetal Death Diagnosed by Both Immunohistochemistry and PCR
- 2009
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Ingår i: Birth defects research. Clinical and molecular teratology. - : Wiley. - 1542-0752 .- 1542-0760. ; 85:3, s. 227-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Following up on prior evidence from animal and human studies of Ljungan virus (LV) in intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), we examine additional cases of IUFD using two standard assays of viral detection: immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real time RT-PCR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Frozen and formalin-fixed specimens from IUFD cases were tested for the presence of LV using real time RT-PCR and IHC, respectively. Formalin-fixed organs from terminated pregnancies diagnosed as trisomy 21 were used as controls in the IHC assay. RESULTS: Presence of LV was demonstrated in all five IUFD cases by IHC and further confirmed in. three of these cases by real time RT-PCR. Only one of 18 trisomy 21 controls was LV positive by IHC. CONCLUSION: The presence of LV in IUFD patients has been confirmed by two different assays. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 85:227-229, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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| 19. |
- Soares, Sandra C., et al.
(författare)
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Fear, but not fear-relevance, modulates reaction times in visual search with animal distractors
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 0887-6185 .- 1873-7897. ; 23:1, s. 136-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The research aimed at examining attentional selectivity in a visual search paradigm using pictures of animals that have provided a recurrent threat in an evolutionary perspective (i.e., snakes and spiders) and pictures of animals that have supposedly posed no such threat (i.e., cats and fish). Experiment 1 showed no advantage of fear-relevant stimuli over non-fear-relevant animal stimuli. However, an attentional capture seemed to emerge as a delay in the disengagement of attention, specifically when there was a massive presentation of fear-relevant stimuli in the array. The results from Experiment 2, where participants were selected based specifically on their fear of either snakes or spiders (but not both), showed a preferential processing of the congruent feared stimulus, when compared with non-fearful participants, which strengthens the notion that fear significance may be an important factor drawing attention to a particular spatial location.
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| 20. |
- Arbin, Katarina, 1971-
(författare)
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Individual information system acceptance behaviour : An electronic ordering system case
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Organizations have spent and continue to spend millions of dollars on information systems (IS) in order to enable business success. Information systems have long been used to help managers make better decisions, better understand the nature of customers and improve employee productivity. They have enabled transformations in organizations, such as simplification and acceleration of work processes, and contributed to continued improvement and innovation in these processes. It is not that easy however to make this simplification and acceleration of work processes to happen. A common problem is that individuals that are supposed to use these systems do not use them, and if an information systems is to contribute to business success it has to be adopted and used. The question is therefore, how do we get individuals to adopt and use systems that are implemented?This dissertation focus on what influences individual adoption and use, and how we can get individuals to adopt and use systems that are implemented. The information system under investigation is an electronic ordering (e-ordering) system. E-ordering systems are used by individual end-users (requestors, authorizers and goods receivers) in an organization when ordering products and services. The system aims at contributing to reduced maverick (i.e. wild= purchases and increased compliance with a few centrally chosen suppliers, thus facilitating lower purchasing prices and a reduction of the costs for purchasing. The thesis also discusses the relative difficulty in getting individuals to continue to use the systems compared to get them to adopt it. Another issue that is discussed is that the acceptance process does not have to happen gradually, it can instead happen in short spurts. It is further discussed what can influence these spurts.
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