11. |
- Azar, Christian, 1969
(författare)
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The Marginal Cost of CO2 Emissions.
- 1994
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Ingår i: Energy - The International Journal. ; 19, s. 1255-1261
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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12. |
- Åmand, Lars-Erik, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of Fuel on the Emission of Nitrogen Oxides (NO and N2O) from and 8-MW Fluidized bed Boiler
- 1991
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Ingår i: Combustion and Flame. - 1556-2921 .- 0010-2180. ; 84:1 and 2, s. 181-196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N20) from an 8-MW circulating fluidized bed boiler have been measured. The influence of the volatile content of the fuel was investigated by using three different fuels and operating the boiler at different bed temperatures, primary air stoichiometries, and excess air ratios. The measurements show that the emissions of NO are extremely low and dependent upon the char loading of the boiler as well as on the existence of unburned combustible matter such as CO and H2 in the gas phase. The char content and CO levels are influenced by the fuel, the bed temperature, and the air-to-fuel ratio in the combustion chamber. The levels of N20 emission are high and caused by the low temperatures used in fluidized beds. The N20 emission is influenced by bed temperature and oxygen concentration as well, but the influence of bed temperature is opposite compared to the dependence of bed temperature on the NO emission.
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13. |
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14. |
- Löfgren, Lars, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure of commuters to volatile aromatic hydrocarbons from petrol exhaust
- 1991
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Ingår i: The science of the total environment. ; 108, s. 225-233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Twenty-two volatile aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in the air of an automobile during commuting. Sampling was made on Tenax cartridges and laboratory determinations were carried out using thermal desorption combined with temperature-programmed capillary gas chromatography. Selected hydrocarbons representative of petrol exhaust were determined in the automobile and in an electric commuter train during eight parallel commuter trips. In the automobile, the concentrations of benzene were 35-70 micrograms/m3 and those of total aromatic hydrocarbons 200-400 micrograms/m3. The petrol exhaust levels were 5-10 times higher in the automobile than in the compartment of the commuter train.
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15. |
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16. |
- Petersson, Göran, 1941, et al.
(författare)
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Hazardous petrol hydrocarbons from refuelling with and without vapour recovery
- 1990
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Ingår i: The science of the total environment. ; 91, s. 49-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrocarbons in air were determined at pioneering European service stations equipped with vapour recovery systems. Vapour recovery was found capable of eliminating 99% of exposure during refuelling and greater than 95% of emissions to air. Vapour recovery is now being rapidly introduced at Swedish service stations as a result of demands concerning environmental and health hazards. The analytical technique used permitted samples corresponding to a single refuelling procedure to be analyzed. Sampling on an adsorbent tube was followed in the laboratory by thermal desorption and capillary gas chromatography. All prominent hydrocarbons were well separated on a methylsilicone phase. These include benzene and the alkenes of special interest with respect to health hazards. The particular importance of alkenes with respect to the formation of ozone and other photooxidants is discussed. The four isomeric butenes and the six isomeric pentenes were determined and found to constitute approximately 10% by weight of the petrol vapour. The highly reactive 2-alkenes were more abundant than the 1-alkenes.
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17. |
- Östermark, Ulf, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of hydrocarbons in vapours of conventional and alkylate-based petrol
- 1992
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. ; 25, s. 763-768
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vapours of recently introduced alkylate-based petrol for power saws, lawn mowers and other petrol-fuelled machines were compared with vapours of conventional petrol varieties. The composition of C4-C8 hydrocarbons was determined by adsorption sampling and gas chromatography on an aluminium oxide column. Results are given for 22 specific arenes, alkenes and alkanes. Major advantages of the reformulated petrol with respect to health and environment are the virtual absence of benzene and alkenes in the vapours. The proportions of methylbenzene, hexane and cycloalkanes are also very low.
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