| 11. |
- Einbeigi, Zakaria, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Occurrence of both breast and ovarian cancer in a woman is a marker for the BRCA gene mutations: a population-based study from western Sweden.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Familial cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1389-9600 .- 1573-7292. ; 6:1, s. 35-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: This study aimed to analyze whether the occurrence of both breast and ovarian cancer in a woman serves as a marker for BRCA gene mutations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This population-based study included 256 women in western Sweden who developed both invasive breast and ovarian tumors between 1958 and 1999. Archival paraffin tissue blocks of their tumors were retrieved for DNA-extraction to analyze the founder mutation, BRCA1 c.3171_3175dup (c.3171ins5), which is most common in this geographic area and four other common Scandinavian BRCA1 gene mutations and one BRCA2 mutation. Together, account these mutations for approximately 75% of the BRCA1/2 gene mutations in the clinical unit. RESULTS: Ninteen percent (95% confidence interval (CI) 14-24%) of the women carried one of the analyzed BRCA1 gene mutations but none of the women were positive for the analyzed BRCA2 mutation. One-third of the women with both tumors before age 60 were mutation carriers. BRCA1 c.3171_3175dup (c.3171ins5) constituted 84% of all identified mutations. Although the majority of breast cancers were invasive ductal and atypical medullary types, a variety of other breast malignancies were seen among mutation carriers. Serous ovarian carcinomas predominated among ovarian tumors. A variety of other ovarian tumors, including three granulosa-theca cell tumors, were also observed among mutation carriers. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of both breast and ovarian cancer in a woman is associated with a high likelihood of a constitutional BRCA1 mutation. These women and their families might therefore be considered for mutation screening after appropriate genetic counselling.
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| 12. |
- Gunnarsson, Cecilia, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Amplification of HSD17B1 has prognostic significance in postmenopausal breast cancer
- 2008
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Ingår i: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0167-6806 .- 1573-7217. ; 108:1, s. 35-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In situ synthesis of estrogens is believed to be of great importance for the progression of breast cancer. In postmenopausal women most estrogens are synthesized in peripheral hormone-target tissues from circulating precursor steroids, by the enzymes involved in formation of active estrogens. One of the enzymes involved in this process is 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) type 1. This enzyme catalyzes the interconversion of estrone (E1) to the biologically more potent estradiol (E2). The gene coding for 17β-HSD type 1 (HSD17B1) is located at 17q12-21. The aim of this study was to investigate altered gene copy number of HSD17B1 in breast cancer. We used real-time PCR and examined 387 postmenopausal breast tumors for amplification of HSD17B1, and if an increased mRNA level of this enzyme is associated with amplification of the gene. We also investigated whether amplification of HSD17B1 has a prognostic value. There was a significant correlation between gene copy number of HSD17B1 and mRNA expression level (P = 0.00002). ER-positive patients with amplification of HSD17B1 showed lower breast cancer survival than patients without amplification (P = 0.025). Among ER-negative patients there was no significant correlation between increased gene copy number of HSD17B1 and prognosis. Furthermore, we found that amplification of the gene had prognostic significance in multivariate analysis adjusting for other clinicopathological variables. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
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| 13. |
- Götlind, Helena, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of water vapor on the initial stages of oxidation of the FeCrAl alloy Kanthal AF at 900 degrees C
- 2007
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Ingår i: Oxidation of Metals. - 1573-4889 .- 0030-770X. ; , s. 251-266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of water vapor on the initial stages of oxidation of the FeCrAl alloy Kanthal AF is reported. Polished samples were exposed isothermally at 900 degrees C for 1, 24, 72 and 168 h in a well-controlled environment consisting of dry O-2 or O-2 + 40% H2O. The samples were investigated using a combination of gravimetry and several surface-analytical techniques, including XRD, SEM, EDX, FIB, AES and TEM. The presence of water vapor significantly accelerates oxidation during the first 72 h. A two-layered oxide forms in both the dry and wet environments. The bottom layer consists of inward-growing alpha-Al2O3 while the outer layer initially consists of outward-growing gamma-Al2O3. A straight and narrow Cr-enriched band is present at the top of the lower (alpha-Al2O3) oxide, corresponding to the original sample surface. In dry O-2, the top (gamma-Al2O3) layer is converted into a mixture of gamma-Al2-x (Mg,Fe) (x) O-3-(x/2),O- MgAl2O4 and alpha-Al2O3. This transformation does not occur in O-2 + H2O. The initial acceleration of oxidation by H2O is attributed to the stabilization of the outward-growing gamma-alumina layer by the hydroxylation of the gamma-Al2O3 surface. A schematic mechanism of the early stages of oxidation of FeCrAl alloys is presented, emphasizing the influence of water vapor.
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| 14. |
- Jansson, Agneta, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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A new polymorphism in the coding region of exon four in HSD17B2 in relation to risk of sporadic and hereditary breast cancer
- 2007
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Ingår i: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0167-6806 .- 1573-7217. ; 106:1, s. 57-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In situ synthesis of oestrogens is of great importance in the development and progression of breast cancer. 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17HSD) type 2 catalyses oxidation from oestradiol to oestrone, and thereby protects the breast epithelial cells from oestradiol. Low expression of 17HSD type 2 has been associated with decreased survival in breast cancer, but no studies have investigated the mechanism behind the low expression. The 17HSD type 2 gene (HSD17B2) was screened for mutations with Single Stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)-DNA sequencing in 59 sporadic breast cancer cases, 19 hereditary breast cancer cases and seven breast cancer cell lines. DNA samples from 226 healthy individuals were used to identify if changes were previously unknown polymorphisms. No mutation was detected and therefore mutations in HSD17B2 do not explain why some breast tumours exhibit low 17HSD type 2 expression. However, a previously unknown polymorphism was found in exon four (Met226Val). Using molecular modelling, we found that the substituted residue is located at the outer part of the steroid binding site, probably causing minor alterations in the substrate binding. We further studied if the polymorphism contributes to breast cancer susceptibility in a larger material, but did not find an increased risk in the group of 317 sporadic breast cancer patients, 188 breast cancer patients with two close relatives with breast cancer or 122 hereditary breast cancer patients, compared to the healthy control group. We suggest that the detected polymorphism does not contribute to a higher risk of developing breast cancer.
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| 15. |
- Jonsson, Torbjörn, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of KCl on the corrosion of an austenitic stainless steel (304L) in oxidizing humid conditions at 600 ºC: A microstructural study
- 2009
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Ingår i: Oxidation of Metals. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-4889 .- 0030-770X. ; 72:3, s. 213-239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of KCl on the corrosion behavior of the austenitic stainless steel 304L was studied at 600 A degrees C in 5% O(2) + 40% H(2)O + N(2). The breakdown of the protective oxide was investigated. This was done through a detailed microstructural characterization of the oxide scales formed after 1, 24 and 168 h. The oxidized samples were investigated by SEM/EDX, FIB and STEM/EDX. The presence of KCl(s) causes a breakdown of most of the protective scale, even though it is not in direct contact with KCl(s) particles, starting after just 1 h exposure. A fast growing porous oxide formed in direct contact with (former) KCl(s) particles and an about 2 mu m thick scale covered most of the surface. Only some regions were covered by a thin scale. K(2)CrO(4) particles were randomly distributed all over the scale after 1 h exposure. The particles are situated above the oxide scale and are not in direct contact with the subjacent metal. The thin scale contains lower Cr levels than has been observed in corresponding scales formed in the absence of KCl. The breakdown of the protective scale is suggested to be caused primarily by the formation of K(2)CrO(4), depleting the protective oxide in chromium. In addition, chromia evaporation contributes to chromia depletion and breakdown of the protective scale. Very little or no transition metal chlorides were found after breakaway oxidation. Cl is suggested to play a minor role in the initial breakdown of the protective scale. The presence of KCl particles caused local rapid oxidation, which results in an outward growing Fe and Fe-Cr rich porous oxide.
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| 16. |
- Liu, Fang, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of the Evolution of the Oxide Scale Formed on 310 Stainless Steel Oxidized at 600 °C in Oxygen with 40% Water Vapour Using FIB and TEM
- 2009
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Ingår i: Oxidation of Metals. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-4889 .- 0030-770X. ; 71:1-2, s. 77-105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Detailed microstructure investigations were performed on oxide scales formed on 310 stainless steel exposed isothermally at 600 °C to O2 with 40% watervapour for 1–336 h. FIB microscopy was used to study the evolution of the surface morphology and to prepare cross-section TEM thin foils of the oxide scales. The foils were investigated by analytical transmission electronmicroscopy. The results showed that a thin protective base oxide scale had formed after 1 h. Due to Cr loss from the oxide scale through water vapour induced Cr evaporation, local breakaway oxidation occurs, resulting in the formation of oxide nodules. The development of these nodules depends on whether a new Cr-rich healing layer is formed or not. A model for the evolution of the oxide scale is proposed based on the results regarding the composition and distribution of various phases in the oxide scale and subjacentsteel.
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| 17. |
- Nilsson, Lena, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Age and gender do not influence the ability to detect respiration by photoplethysmography
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of clinical monitoring and computing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1387-1307 .- 1573-2614. ; 20:6, s. 431-436
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective The non-invasive technique photopl- ethysmography (PPG) can detect changes in blood volume and perfusion in a tissue. Respiration causes variations in the peripheral circulation, making it possible to monitor breaths using an optical sensor attached to the skin. The respiratory-synchronous part of the PPG signal (PPGr) has been used to monitor respiration during anaesthesia, and in postoperative and neonatal care. Studies addressing possible differences in PPGr signal characteristics depending on gender or age are lacking.Methods We studied three groups of 16 healthy subjects each during normal breathing; young males, old males and young females, and calculated the concordance between PPGr, derived from a reflection mode PPG sensor on the forearm, and a reference CO2 signal. The concordance was quantified by using a squared coherence analysis. Time delay between the two signals was calculated. In this process, we compared three different methods for calculating time delay.Results Coherence values ≥0.92 were seen for all three groups without any significant differences depending on age or gender (p = 0.67). Comparison between the three different methods for calculating time delay showed a correlation r = 0.93.Conclusions These results demonstrate clinically important information implying the possibility to register qualitative PPGr signals for respiration monitoring, regardless of age and gender.
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| 18. |
- Pettersson, Carolina, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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The Influence of Small Amounts of KCl(s) on the Initial Stages of the Corrosion of Alloy Sanicro 28 at 600 °C
- 2008
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Ingår i: Oxidation of Metals. - 1573-4889 .- 0030-770X. ; 70:5-6, s. 241-256
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of KCl(s) on the oxidation of Sanicro 28 (35Fe27Cr31Ni) austenitic stainless steel at 600 °C in 5% O2 + 40% H2O and in 5% O2 was investigated. The samples were coated with 0.1 mg/cm2 KCl(s) prior to exposure. The exposure time was 1, 24, 72 and 168 h. Uncoated samples were exposed for reference. The oxidized samples were analyzed by SEM/energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and AES. The amount of chloride and chromate on the samples was analyzed quantitatively by ion chromatography after exposure. KCl(s) is very corrosive towards Sanicro 28. Corrosion is initiated by the formation of potassium chromate through the reaction of KCl(s) with the protective oxide, chloride leaving the sample in the form of HCl. Chromate formation is a sink for chromium in the oxide and leads to a deterioration of its protective properties. In the 5% O2 + 40% H2O environment, there is a stoichiometric relationship between the chromate formed and the chloride consumed. In dry O2 chromate formation is relatively slow, leaving more unreacted KCl(s) on the surface than in 5% O2 + 40% H2O. Once the protective, chromium-rich oxide has been depleted in chromium by chromate formation, the alloy becomes susceptible to direct attack by the remaining KCl(s).
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| 19. |
- Pettersson, Jesper, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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KCl induced corrosion of a 304-type austenitic stainless steel at 600 degrees C; The role of potassium
- 2005
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Ingår i: Oxidation of Metals. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-4889 .- 0030-770X. ; 64:1-2, s. 23-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of KCl on the oxidation of the 304-type (Fe18Cr10Ni) austenitic stainless steel at 600 degrees C in 5% O-2 and in 5% O-2 + 40%H2O is investigated in the laboratory. The samples are coated with 0.1 mg/cm(2) KCl prior to exposure. Exposure time is 1-168 h. Uncoated samples are exposed for reference. The oxidized samples are analyzed by ESEM/EDX, XRD and AES. The results show that small additions of potassium chloride strongly accelerate high temperature corrosion, the oxide thickness being up to two orders of magnitude greater after exposure in the presence of KCl. The rapid corrosion is initiated by the formation of potassium chromate through the reaction of KCl with the protective oxide. Chromate formation is a sink for chromium in the oxide and leads to a loss of its protective properties. The resulting rapidly growing scale consists of an outer hematite layer with embedded K2CrO4 particles and an inner layer consisting of spinel oxide, (Fe,Cr,Ni)(3)O-4. Little or no chlorine is found in the scale or at the scale/metal interface.
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| 20. |
- Pettersson, Jesper, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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KCl-Induced Corrosion of a 304-type Austenitic Stainless Steel in O-2 and in O-2 + H2O Environment: The Influence of Temperature
- 2009
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Ingår i: Oxidation of Metals. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-4889 .- 0030-770X. ; 72:3-4, s. 159-177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The oxidation of the 304-type (Fe18Cr10Ni) austenitic stainless steel was investigated in the temperature range 400-600 A degrees C in 5% O-2 and 5% O-2 + 40% H2O. Exposure time was up to 1 week. Prior to exposure, the polished samples were coated with 0.1 mg/cm(2) KCl. Uncoated samples were also exposed and used as references. The oxidized samples were analyzed by gravimetry and by ESEM/EDX, XRD, IC and AES. The results show that KCl is strongly corrosive. Corrosion is initiated by the reaction of KCl with the chromia-containing oxide that normally forms a protective layer on the alloy. This reaction produces potassium chromate particles, leaving a chromium-depleted oxide on the alloy surface. At 500 and 600 A degrees C this results in rapid oxidation, resulting in the formation of a thick scale consisting of a mixture of hematite, spinel oxide ((Fe,Cr,Ni)(3)O-4) and K2CrO4. The thick scale is poorly protective and permeable to e.g. chloride ions. The KCl-induced corrosion of alloy 304L in dry O-2 and in an O-2 + H2O mixture increases strongly with temperature in the range 400-600 A degrees C. The strong temperature dependence is explained partly by the temperature dependence of the chromate-formation reaction and partly by the ability of the chromium-depleted oxide to protect the alloy at low temperature. At 400 A degrees C, the oxide was still protective after 168 h.
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