| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Brown, Calum, et al.
(författare)
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Simplistic understandings of farmer motivations could undermine the environmental potential of the common agricultural policy
- 2021
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Ingår i: Land Use Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-8377. ; 101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European Union Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has failed to achieve its aim of preserving European farmland biodiversity, despite massive investment in subsidies to incentivise environmentally-beneficial farming practices. This failure calls into question the design of the subsidy schemes, which are intended to either function as a safety net and make farming profitable or compensate farmers for costs and loss of income while undertaking environmental management. In this study, we assess whether the design of environmental payments in the CAP reflects current knowledge about farmers’ decision-making as found in the research literature. We do so on the basis of a comprehensive literature review on farmers’ uptake of agri-environmental management practices over the past 10 years and interviews specifically focused on Ecological Focus Areas with policy-makers, advisors and farmers in seven European countries. We find that economic and structural factors are the most commonly-identified determinants of farmers’ adoption of environmental management practices in the literature and in interviews. However, the literature suggests that these are complemented by – and partially dependent on – a broad range of social, attitudinal and other contextual factors that are not recognised in interview responses or, potentially, in policy design. The relatively simplistic conceptualisation of farmer behaviour that underlies some aspects of policy design may hamper the effectiveness of environmental payments in the CAP by over-emphasising economic considerations, potentially corroding farmer attitudes to policy and environmental objectives. We conclude that an urgent redesign of agricultural subsidies is needed to better align them with the economic, social and environmental factors affecting farmer decision-making in a complex production climate, and therefore to maximise potential environmental benefits.
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| 13. |
- Droste, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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A global overview of biodiversity offsetting governance
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797. ; 316
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze the development of biodiversity offsetting governance through a research-weaving approach. Here, we combine information from a systematized review of the literature and a qualitative analysis of the institutional developments in different world regions. Through this triangulation, we synthesize and map the different developmental streams of biodiversity offsetting governance around the globe over the last four decades. We find that there is a global mainstreaming of core principles such as avoidance, no-net-loss, and a mitigation hierarchy, as well as pooling and trading of offsets for unavoidable residual damages. Furthermore, we can observe an ongoing diversification of institutional designs and actors involved. Together this constitutes an emerging regime complex of biodiversity offsetting governance that comes with both a set of shared norms and a growing institutional complexity. While this may imply institutional innovation through diversification and policy experimentation, it also raises questions regarding the effectiveness of offsetting practices.
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| 14. |
- Fredriksson, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Från Atlantens hjärta. Om marina ogräs, sargassotång och nygamla mysterier.
- 2021
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Ingår i: Växtverk. Perspektiv på invasiva främmande växter i svensk natur.. - 9789198565904 ; , s. 47-47
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- ”Invasiva främmande arter” är ett uttryck som hörs allt oftare, såväl i medier som i diskussioner vid fikabordet. Vad är då en invasiv främmande art och varför väcker dessa arter så starka känslor? Varför är de ett problem? Hur blir man av med dem? Har de några positiva egenskaper? Det är några av de frågor vi tar upp i den här boken som är ett resultat av det tvärvetenskapliga forskningstemat ”Perspektiv på invasiva främmande växter. Paradoxen växt, människa och individuella preferenser” som genomfördes under 2020–2021 vid Pufendorfinstitutet, Lunds universitet. Deltagare i temat har varit forskare från Lunds universitet och Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet som representerar flera olika ämnen: ekologi och botanik, miljövetenskap, etnologi, filosofi, landskapsplanering och växtvetenskap.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Hanson, Helena I., et al.
(författare)
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Gardens’ contribution to people and urban green space
- 2021
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Ingår i: Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. - : Elsevier BV. - 1618-8667. ; 63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cities are experiencing numerous challenges, adversely affecting human health and wellbeing. Urban green space provides ecosystem services that are important to meet urban challenges. One type of urban green space is private gardens (yards) that make up an essential part of many urban areas. Gardens can support urban biodiversity and provide cultural ecosystem services (CES) to its owner. However, the provision of garden benefits depends on garden size, design and management. This study aims to explore private gardens contribution to urban biodiversity and garden owners’ wellbeing (in terms of CES), and to understand the influence of urban planning and garden design and management. We use a conceptual framework to illustrate complexities and interlinkages: the garden ‘human-nature’ nexus. The study is based on a garden land-use inventory and interviews with 35 garden owners in Lund, Sweden. Results show that urban development influence garden's biodiversity potential by limiting available space or garden vegetation. New properties were mainly covered by buildings and paved surfaces and their small gardens contained few biodiversity features and large trees. Garden owners used multiple information channels to gain inspiration and knowledge, and aesthetic and edibility are important plant qualities governing garden plant choice. Many garden owners experienced gardens problems that influence design and management. The most important garden CES were social bonds, recreation, nature experiences and relaxation. Age and gender influence both garden CES and garden design and management. We conclude that private gardens have a potential to function as multifunctional spaces, but to harness their full potential there is a need to transform how we plan, develop, manage and not at least recognize private green space. We argue that the garden ‘human-nature’ nexus can help to illustrate the important interlinkages existing between e.g. urban planning, biodiversity and garden ES, and to foster sustainable urban green space governance.
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| 17. |
- Hanson, Helena I., et al.
(författare)
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Uptake and use of biodiversity offsetting in urban planning – The case of Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. - : Elsevier BV. - 1618-8667. ; 80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Globally, biodiversity offsetting is used to balance negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services caused by exploitation. In Sweden, there is an increasing interest in biodiversity offsetting in urban planning. However, there is limited understanding about the use of the concept in a municipal context. This study aims to examine and critically reflect on the uptake and use of biodiversity offsetting at a strategic level in urban planning in Sweden. We study urban planning documents, and included Sweden's 290 municipalities in the study. The result shows that more than 50% of Sweden's municipalities mention biodiversity offsetting in their planning documents, targeting both regulatory offsetting of protected areas and voluntary offsetting of urban green space. The uptake is highest in urban areas experiencing high exploitation pressure, and many municipalities include both biodiversity and ecosystem services in their strategic work with offsetting. Most municipalities do not relate to the mitigation hierarchy (avoid, minimize, restore, offset), nor the goal of no net loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. There is an ambiguity in the translation between losses and offsets, i.e. what type of offsetting (like-for-(un)like), what replacement ratios, and where to place the offsets. Few municipalities have developed processes, guidelines, strategic plans, etc., to integrate offsetting into the planning process. We conclude that the uptake of biodiversity offsetting is substantial, but with a fragmented, and often immature use in relation to ecological knowledge, and the planning process. We argue that, to develop biodiversity offsetting into an approach that delivers sound outcomes for nature and people in urban planning, municipalities must have a capacity in terms of organisational structures and resources.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Hanson, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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The Link Between Urban Green Space Planning Tools and Distributive, Procedural and Recognition Justice
- 2022. - 1
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Ingår i: Human-Nature Interactions : Exploring Nature’s Values Across Landscapes - Exploring Nature’s Values Across Landscapes. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783031019791 - 9783031019807 ; , s. 285-295
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change and an increasing urbanisation create pressure on cities in terms of extreme weather events, deteriorated public health and wellbeing and a loss of biodiversity. Urban green spaces, such as parks and street trees, can help to reduce vulnerability and improve living conditions. Planning tools can support decisions on where, what and how much urban green space to save or implement. If used appropriately, planning tools can capture citizens’ needs and foster a more just planning and implementation of urban green spaces. This demands knowledge about the tools, their efficiency and appropriate application, as well as knowledge about the ecosystem and human needs. It also demands adequate technical, time and economic resources, as well as organisational and communication structures that can include citizens in the planning process.
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| 20. |
- Hanson, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Ticking the green box: Ethical consequences of planning urban ecosystem services in a ‘rational way’
- 2021
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Climate change and an increasing urbanisation create pressure on cities in terms of extreme weather events, deteriorated public health and wellbeing and a loss of biodiversity. Strengthening the provision of urban green and blue space (UGS) and ecosystem services (ES) is one way to reduce vulnerability and improve living conditions, and ’greening’ is often highlighted as an important path to create more sustainable cities. Greening efforts have generated an increased attention from both science and practice towards using tools and frameworks that can support decisions on where, what and how much UGS to preserve or create (ranging from simple Excel calculations, to infrastructures for big data collection) to safeguard the provision of urban ES. The aim of the study was to reflect on justice issues related to the use and reliance on different UGS/ES planning tools in municipal planning processes. We used a mixed-method approach, including semi-structured interviews and stakeholder workshops with actors involved in UGS development, in Sweden; focusing on the city of Malmö and its neighbouring municipalities. We use the theoretical framework environmental justice and analyse distributive, recognition, and procedural justice issues in relation to the use of UGS/ES planning tools. We highlight that some UGS/ES planning tools can help to overcome injustices, especially in relation to stakeholder engagement, but also that easily ‘tick-able’ tools, disregarding plurality in relation to nature and human needs, tend to be mainstreamed into urban green space governance, just because they are simple to work with. We argue that the current focus on tools and assessment frameworks enforce a ‘rational way’ of dealing with UGS; reducing the engagement in sincere deliberation needed for the development of a just, diverse (related to citizens’ needs) and sustainable UGS.
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