| 11. |
- Anderson, Ryan T, et al.
(författare)
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Association Between Seroclearance of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and Long-term Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection : Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
- 2021
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Ingår i: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. - : Elsevier. - 1542-3565 .- 1542-7714. ; 19:3, s. 463-472
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND & AIMS: Seroclearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is the desired end point of treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, according to guidelines. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the strength of the association between HBsAg seroclearance and long-term clinical outcomes.METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases for articles that assessed HBsAg status and reported the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver decompensation, liver transplantation, and/or all-cause mortality during follow-up evaluation. We performed a meta-analysis of rate ratios (RR) using a random-effects model independently for each end point and for a composite end point.RESULTS: We analyzed data from 28 studies, comprising a total of 188,316 patients with chronic HBV infection (treated and untreated), and 1,486,081 person-years (PY) of follow-up evaluation; 26 reported data on HCC, 7 on liver decompensation, and 13 on liver transplantation and/or death. The composite event rates were 0.19/1000 PY for the HBsAg seroclearance group and 2.45/1000 PY for the HBsAg-persistent group. Pooled RRs for the HBsAg seroclearance group were 0.28 for liver decompensation (95% CI, 0.13-0.59; P = .001), 0.30 for HCC (95% CI, 0.20-0.44; P < .001), 0.22 for liver transplantation and/or death (95% CI, 0.13-0.39; P < .001), and 0.31 for the composite end point (95% CI, 0.23-0.43; P < .001). No differences in RR estimates were observed among subgroups of different study or patient characteristics.CONCLUSIONS: In a systematic review and meta-analysis, we found seroclearance of HBsAg to be associated significantly with improved patient outcomes. The results are consistent among different types of studies, in all patient subpopulations examined, and support the use of HBsAg seroclearance as a primary end point of trials of patients with chronic HBV infection.
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| 12. |
- Hong, A. C., et al.
(författare)
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Uptake of Hydrogen Peroxide from the Gas Phase to Grain Boundaries: A Source in Snow and Ice
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 57:31, s. 11626-11633
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work shows that hydrogen peroxidereadily enters grainboundaries in ice and snow directly from the atmosphere. Acceleratedreaction rates in these reservoirs have been described with an impacton air quality and snow composition. Hydrogen peroxide is a primary atmospheric oxidant significantin terminating gas-phase chemistry and sulfate formation in the condensedphase. Laboratory experiments have shown an unexpected oxidation accelerationby hydrogen peroxide in grain boundaries. While grain boundaries arefrequent in natural snow and ice and are known to host impurities,it remains unclear how and to which extent hydrogen peroxide entersthis reservoir. We present the first experimental evidence for thediffusive uptake of hydrogen peroxide into grain boundaries directlyfrom the gas phase. We have machined a novel flow reactor system featuringa drilled ice flow tube that allows us to discern the effect of theice grain boundary content on the uptake. Further, adsorption to theice surface for temperatures from 235 to 258 K was quantified. Disentanglingthe contribution of these two uptake processes shows that the transferof hydrogen peroxide from the atmosphere to snow at temperatures relevantto polar environments is considerably more pronounced than previouslythought. Further, diffusive uptake to grain boundaries appears tobe a novel mechanism for non-acidic trace gases to fill the highlyreactive impurity reservoirs in snow's grain boundaries.
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