| 11. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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A note on the effect of unemployment on mortality
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 22:3, s. 505-518
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this note we test if unemployment has an effect on mortality using a large individual level data set of nearly 30,000 individuals in Sweden aged 20–64 years followed-up for 10–17 years. We follow individuals over time that are initially in the same health state, but differ with respect to whether they are employed or unemployed (controlling also for a number of individual characteristics that may affect the depreciation of health over time). Unemployment significantly increases the risk of being dead at the end of follow-up by nearly 50% (from 5.36 to 7.83%). In an analysis of cause-specific mortality, we find that unemployment significantly increases the risk of suicides and the risk of dying from “other diseases” (all diseases except cancer and cardiovascular), but has no significant effect on cancer mortality, cardiovascular mortality or deaths due to “other external causes” (motor vehicle accidents, accidents and homicides).
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| 12. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
-
Absolute income, relative income, income inequality, and mortality
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Human Resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 39:1, s. 228-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We test whether mortality is related to individual income, mean community income, and community income inequality, controlling for initial health status and personal characteristics. The analysis is based on a random sample from the adult Swedish population of more than 40, 000 individuals who were followed up for 10-17 years. We find that mortality decreases significantly as individual income increases. For mean community income and community income inequality we cannot, however, reject the null hypothesis of no effect on mortality. This result is stable with respect to a number of measurement and specification issues explored in an extensive sensitivity analysis.
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| 13. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
-
Do life-saving regulations save lives ?
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer Nature. - 1573-0476 .- 0895-5646. ; 24:3, s. 231-249
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Life-saving regulations may be counter-productive since they have an indirect mortality effect through the reduction in disposable income. This paper estimates the effect of income on mortality, controlling for the initial health status and a host of personal characteristics. The analysis is based on a random sample of the adult Swedish population of over 40,000 individuals followed up for 10-17 years. The income loss that will induce an expected fatality is estimated to be $6.8 million when the costs are borne equally among all adults, $8.4 million when the costs are borne proportionally to income and $9.8 million when the costs are borne progressively to income.
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| 14. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf G., et al.
(författare)
-
Income-related inequality in life-years and quality-adjusted life-years
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 19:6, s. 1007-1026
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We estimate the income-related inequality in Sweden with respect to life-years and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). We use a large data set from Sweden with over 40,000 individuals followed up for 10-16 years, to estimate the survival and quality-adjusted survival in different income groups. For both life-years and QALYs, we discover inequalities in health favouring the higher income groups. For men (women) in the youngest age-group (20-29 years), the number of QALYs is 43.7 (45.7) in the lowest income decile and 47.2 (49.0) in the highest income decile. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
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| 15. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf G., et al.
(författare)
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The relationship between happiness, health, and socio-economic factors : Results based on Swedish microdata
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Socio-Economics. - : Elsevier Inc. - 1053-5357 .- 1879-1239. ; 30:6, s. 553-557
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the relationship between happiness (utility) and a host of socio-economic variables in a random sample of over 5,000 individuals from the Swedish adult population. The results show that happiness increases with income, health and education and decreases with unemployment, urbanisation, being single, and male gender. The relationship between age and happiness is U-shaped, with happiness being lowest in the age-group 45-64 years.
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| 16. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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The Determinants of Health in Sweden
- 2002
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Ingår i: Individual Decisions for Health. - New York : Routledge. - 9780415273930 - 0415273935 ; , s. 113-127
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 17. |
- Johannesson, Magnus
(författare)
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At what coronary risk level is it cost-effective to initiate cholesterol lowering drug treatment in primary prevention?
- 2001
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Ingår i: European heart journal. - : The European Society of Cardiology. - 1522-9645 .- 0195-668X. ; 22:11, s. 919-925
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The entire risk factor profile should be taken into account when considering initiating cholesterol lowering drug treatment. Recent treatment guidelines are therefore based on the absolute risk of coronary heart disease. We estimated at what coronary risk it is cost-effective to initiate cholesterol lowering drug treatment in primary prevention for men and women of different ages in Sweden. The cost-effectiveness was estimated as the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained of cholesterol lowering drug treatment. Treatment was assumed to lower the risk of coronary heart disease by 31%. The analysis was carried out from a societal perspective including both direct and indirect costs of the intervention and morbidity, and the full future costs of decreased mortality. The coronary risk, in a Markov model of coronary heart disease, was raised until the cost per QALY gained corresponded to a specific threshold value per QALY gained. Three different threshold values were used: $40,000, $60,000 and $100,000 per QALY gained. The risk cut-off value for when treatment is cost-effective varied with age and gender. If society is willing to pay $60,000 to gain a QALY it was cost-effective to initiate treatment if the 5-year-risk of coronary heart disease exceeded 2.4% for 35-year-old men, 4.6% for 50-year-old men, and 10.4% for 70-year-old men. The corresponding risk cut-off values for women were 2.0%, 3.5% and 9.1%. The results can serve as a basis for treatment guidelines based on cost-effectiveness.
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| 18. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Hypothetical versus real willingness to pay in the health care sector: results from a field experiment
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 20:3, s. 441-457
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We conducted a field experiment comparing hypothetical and real purchase decisions for a pharmacist provided asthma management program among 172 subjects with asthma. Subjects received either a dichotomous choice contingent valuation question or were given the opportunity to actually enroll in the program. Three different prices were used: US$ 15, 40, and 80. In the hypothetical group, 38% of subjects said that they would purchase the good at the stated price, but only 12% of subjects in the real group purchased the good ( p=0.000). We cannot, however, reject the null hypothesis that “definitely sure” hypothetical yes responses, as identified in a follow-up question, correspond to real yes responses. We conclude that the dichotomous choice contingent valuation method overestimates willingness to pay, but that it may be possible to correct for this overestimation by sorting out “definitely sure” yes responses.
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| 19. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Promises, Threats and Fairness
- 2004
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Ingår i: The Economic Journal. - : Royal Economic Society. - 1468-0297 .- 0013-0133. ; 114:495, s. 397-420
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present experimental evidence that promises and threats mitigate the hold-up problem. While investors rely as much on their own threats as on their trading partner's promises, the latter are more credible. Building on recent work in psychology and behavioural economics, we then present a simple model within which agents are concerned about both fairness and consistency. The model can account for several of our experimental findings. Its most striking implication is that fairmindedness strengthens the credibility of promises to behave fairly, but weakens the credibility of threats to punish unfair behaviour.
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| 20. |
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