| 31. |
- Laux, Timothy S., et al.
(författare)
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Revalence of hypertension and associated risk factors in six nicaraguan communities
- 2012
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Ingår i: Ethnicity & Disease. - 1049-510X. ; 22:2, s. 129-135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Describe the prevalence of hypertension. Design: Population based cross-sectional survey. Setting: Six Nicaraguan communities with varying economies. Participants: 1,355 adults aged 20-60 years who completed both self-reported and quantitative measures of health. Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence of hypertension (systolic >= 140 mm Hg, diastolic >= 90 mm Hg, or self-reported medical history with diagnosis by a health care professional), uncontrolled hypertension (systolic >= 140 mm Hg or diastolic >= 90 mm Hg), diabetes (urinary glucose excretion >= 100 mg/dL or self-reported medical history diagnosed by a health care professional), and uncontrolled diabetes (urinary glucose excretion >= 100 mg/dL only). Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 22.0% (19.2% in men, 24.2% in women). Blood pressure was controlled in 31.0% of male hypertensives and 55.1% of female hypertensives (odds ratio [OR] 2.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.74-4.69). Older age and higher body mass index were strongly associated with hypertension. Women who completed primary school had a lower risk of hypertension (OR .40; 95% CI .19-.85) compared to those with no formal education. A history of living in both urban and rural settings was associated with lower prevalence of hypertension (OR .52; 95% CI .34-.79). Diabetes mellitus was found in 1.2% of men and 4.3% of women. Male sex was independently associated with decreased risk of diabetes (OR .31; 95% CI .11-.86). Conclusions: At least one cardiovascular risk factor was found in half of this Nicaraguan sample. Cardiovascular risk factors should be the target of educational efforts, screening, and treatment.
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| 32. |
- Rosberg, Jan-Erik
(författare)
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Pneumatic slug testing in large-diameter wells
- 2010
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Ingår i: Hydrogeology Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1431-2174 .- 1435-0157. ; 18:5, s. 1291-1300
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a need for an alternative method to conventional pumping tests that is logistically easier and faster to use and which can be handled by only one person. The well known slug test fulfils those requirements if the equipment is properly designed. The applicability of small-diameter slug-test equipment using pneumatic initiation in large-diameter wells, up to 12aEuro(3) (0.3 m), is discussed. In wells with 36 times greater cross-sectional area than the slug-test equipment, it will take a long time for casing depressurization after slug initiation. The casing-depressurization time was measured for each slug test and is presented as a part of the results. The small-diameter equipment was found to be applicable and the long casing-depressurization times did not generally affect the transmissivity estimates. The series of slug tests yielded transmissivity estimates that were in good agreement with each other and also when compared with estimates from pumping tests. However, the slug-test results from wells completed in more permeable formations were harder to interpret, and may be an effect of long casing-depressurization times; further investigations are needed. There is a description of the design of several airtight couplings between the slug-test equipment and the casing.
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| 33. |
- Torres, Virgilio Mariano Salazar, et al.
(författare)
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'Expanding your mind' : the process of constructing gender-equitable masculinities in young Nicaraguan men participating in reproductive health or gender training programs
- 2012
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - : CoAction Publishing. - 1654-9716 .- 1654-9880. ; 5:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Traditional forms of masculinity strongly influence men's and women's wellbeing.OBJECTIVE: This study has two aims: (i) to explore notions of various forms of masculinities in young Nicaraguan men participating in programs addressing sexual health, reproductive health, and/or gender equality and (ii) to find out how these young men perceive their involvement in actions aimed at reducing violence against women (VAW).DESIGN: A qualitative grounded theory study. Data were collected through six focus groups and two in-depth interviews with altogether 62 young men.RESULTS: Our analysis showed that the informants experienced a process of change, labeled 'Expanding your mind', in which we identified four interrelated subcategories: The apprentice, The responsible/respectful man, The proactive peer educator, and 'The feminist man'. The process showed how an increased awareness of gender inequities facilitated the emergence of values (respect and responsibility) and behavior (thoughtful action) that contributed to increase the informant's critical thinking and agency at individual, social, and political levels. The process was influenced by individual and external factors.CONCLUSIONS: Multiple progressive masculinities can emerge from programs challenging patriarchy in this Latin American setting. The masculinities identified in this study show a range of attitudes and behaviors; however, all lean toward more equitable gender relations. The results suggest that learning about sexual and reproductive health does not directly imply developing more gender-equitable attitudes and behaviors or a greater willingness to prevent VAW. It is paramount that interventions to challenge machismo in this setting continue and are expanded to reach more young men.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Obando Medina, Claudia, et al.
(författare)
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Suicidal expressions among young people in Nicaragua and Cambodia : a cross-cultural study
- 2012
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Ingår i: BMC Psychiatry. - London : BioMed Central. - 1471-244X. ; 12, s. 28-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Whereas prevalence of suicidal expressions among young people is fairly similar in different countries, less is known about associated risk factors. This study compares young people in Nicaragua and Cambodia to examine if the pattern of association between mental health problems and suicidal expressions differs.Methods 368 and 316 secondary school students, from each country respectively, participated. Self-reported suicidal expressions, exposure to suicidal behavior in significant others and mental health problems among the students were measured using Attitude Towards Suicide (ATTS) and the Youth Self-Report (YSR) questionnaires.Results Prevalence of serious suicidal expressions (plans and attempts) during recent year, did not differ between countries. Cambodian young people scored significantly higher on all eight YSR-syndromes, except for withdrawn/depressed. In Nicaragua, all YSR-syndromes were significantly associated with serious suicidal expressions in both genders compared to Cambodia where only one syndrome showed an association in each gender; Withdrawn/depressed among girls and Somatic complaints among boys. Associations between being exposed to suicide among significant others and serious suicidal expressions also differed between Cambodia and Nicaragua.Conclusions While the magnitude of serious suicidal expressions is similar between these structurally similar but culturally different countries, determinants behave differently. Qualitative studies are warranted to further explore cultural specific determinants for suicidal expressions among young people.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Salazar, Mariano, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Intimate partner violence and early child growth : a community-based cohort study in Nicaragua
- 2012
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Ingår i: BMC Pediatrics. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2431 .- 1471-2431. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: This study analyses whether a mother's exposure to different forms of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) during pregnancy was associated with the index child linear growth, and whether these associations were modified by the gender of the child.Methods: A pregnancy cohort of 478 women in Leon, Nicaragua, resulted in 461 live births. From this group, 81% (375/461) children were available for anthropometric follow-up at 40 to 46 months. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to assess the association between IPV and height-for-age Z-scores, adjusting for confounding factors.Results: Sixty-three percent (236/375) of the mothers had been exposed to some form of IPV during pregnancy (emotional, physical, sexual or controlling behavior). After adjustment for confounding factors, maternal exposure to any IPV during pregnancy was associated with 0.24 lower mean height-for-age Z-scores (p = 0.02). A separate analysis of each IPV type showed that emotional, physical or sexual IPV during pregnancy were not significantly associated with lower mean height-for-age Z-scores, whereas ever exposure to controlling behavior by the father of the child was related to 0.29 lower mean height-for-age Z-scores (p < 0.01) When stratified by gender, these associations remained significant only for young girls.Conclusions: This study has contributed to the growing amount of evidence pointing to the pervasive effect of different forms of IPV on child health. Our study highlights the relevance of maternal autonomy for linear child growth, especially for young girls in the Nicaraguan context.
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| 39. |
- Reuterswärd, Camilla, et al.
(författare)
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Abortion Law Reforms in Colombia and Nicaragua : Issue Networks and Opportunity Contexts
- 2011
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Ingår i: Development and Change. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0012-155X .- 1467-7660. ; 42:3, s. 805-831
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article analyses two instances of abortion law reform in Latin America. In 2006, after a decades-long impasse, the highly controversial issue of abortion came to dominate the political agenda when Colombia liberalized its abortion law and Nicaragua adopted a total ban on abortion. The article analyses the central actors in the reform processes, their strategies and the opportunity contexts. Drawing on Htun’s (2003) framework, it examines why these processes concluded with opposing legislative outcomes. The authors argue for the need to understand the state as a non-unitary site of politics and policy, and for judicial processes to be seen as a key variable in facilitating gender policy reforms in Latin America. In addition, they argue that ‘windows of opportunity’ such as the timing of elections can be critically important in legislative change processes.
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| 40. |
- Bucardo, Filemon, et al.
(författare)
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Vaccine-derived NSP2 segment in rotaviruses from vaccinated children with gastroenteritis in Nicaragua
- 2012
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Ingår i: Infection, Genetics and Evolution. - : Elsevier. - 1567-1348 .- 1567-7257. ; 12:6, s. 1282-1294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rotavirus (RV) vaccination programs have been established in several countries using the human-attenuated G1P[8] monovalent vaccine Rotarix (TM) (GlaxoSmithKline) and/or the human-bovine reassortant G1, G2, G3, G4, P[8] pentavalent vaccine Rotaleq (TM) (Merck). The efficacy of both vaccines is high (similar to 90%) in developed countries, but can be remarkably lower in developing countries. For example, a vaccine efficacy against severe diarrhea of only 58% was observed in a 2007-2009 Nicaraguan study using RotaTeq. To gain insight into the significant level of vaccine failure in this country, we sequenced the genomes of RVs recovered from vaccinated Nicaraguan children with gastroenteritis. The results revealed that all had genotype specificities typical for human RVs (11G1P[8], 1G3P[8]) and that the sequences and antigenic epitopes of the outer capsid proteins (VP4 and VP7) of these viruses were similar to those reported for RVs isolated elsewhere in the world. As expected, nine of the G1 P[8] viruses and the single G3P[8] virus had genome constellations typical of human G1 P[8] and G3P[8] RVs: G1/3-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1. However, two of the G1P[8] viruses had atypical constellations, G1-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N2-T1-E1-H1, due to the presence of a genotype-2 NSP2 (N2) gene. The sequence of the N2 NSP2 gene was identical to the bovine N2 NSP2 gene of RotaTeq, indicating that the two atypical viruses originated via reassortment of human G1P[8] RVs with RotaTeq viruses. Together, our data suggest that the high level of vaccine failure in Nicaraguan is probably not due to antigenic drift of commonly circulating virus strains nor the emergence of new antigenetically distinct virus strains. Furthermore, our data suggest that the widespread use of the RotaTeq vaccine has led to the introduction of vaccine genes into circulating human RVs.
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