| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Kuteeva, E, et al.
(författare)
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Distribution of galanin in the brain of a galanin-overexpressing transgenic mouse
- 2005
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Ingår i: Neuropeptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 0143-4179 .- 1532-2785. ; 39:3, s. 293-298
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The distribution of galanin mRNA-expressing cells and galanin-immuno reactive (I R) cell bodies and processes was studied in the brain of mice overexpressing galanin under the PDGF-B promoter (GalOE mice) and of wild type (WT) mice, both in colchicine-treated and non-treated animals. A widespread ectopic expression of galanin (both mRNA and peptide) was found, that is when neither transcript nor peptide could be seen in WT mice, not even after colchicine treatment. However, in some regions, such as claustrum, basolateral amygdala, thalamus, CA1 pyramidal cells, and Purkinje cells only galanin mRNA could be detected. The highest levels of galanin expression were observed in the Forebrain structures (the mitral cells of the olfactory bulb, throughout the cortex, granular and pyramidal cell layers of the hippocampus), in the mesencephalon (nucleus ruber), in the cerebellum (lateral cerebellar nucleus), in the pons (sensory and motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve), within the medulla oblongata (facial, prepositus and spinal trigeminal nuclei). High densities of galanin-IR fibers were found in the axonal terminals of the lateral olfactory tract, hippocampal and presumably cerebellar mossy fiber system, in several thalamic and hypothalamic regions and the lower brain stem. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 33. |
- Modell, B., et al.
(författare)
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Epidemiology of haemoglobin disorders in Europe : An overview
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5513 .- 1502-7686. ; 67:1, s. 39-69
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. As a result of global population movements, haemoglobin disorders (thalassaemias and sickle cell disorders) are increasingly common in the formerly non-indigenous countries of Northern and Western Europe and in the indigenous countries of Southern Europe. This article presents an overview of the changing picture and a method for assessing service needs. Method. Data on country of birth or ethnic origin of residents are adjusted to obtain the estimated proportions of residents and births in non-indigenous groups at risk for haemoglobin disorders in European countries. The results are combined with prevalence data in each country of origin to obtain country prevalence estimates. Service indicators (annual tests or other interventions required to ensure equitable delivery of treatment and prevention) are then derived by country. Results. Haemoglobin disorders now occur at comparable frequency throughout Northern, Western and Southern Europe. Annually, there are more affected conceptions in Northern and Western than in Southern Europe, and sickle cell disorders are more common than thalassaemias. There is growing need for health policy-makers to support motivated professionals working to develop optimal patient care, carrier diagnosis, genetic counselling and access to prenatal diagnosis throughout the Region. Conclusion. There is a strong case for pan-European collaboration on haemoglobin disorders to share policies, standards and the instruments required to support them. These include methods for needs assessment, service standards, education and information strategies and materials, and methods for evaluating service delivery. © 2007 Taylor & Francis.
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| 34. |
- Morelius, Evalotte, et al.
(författare)
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Stress at three-month immunization : Parents and infants salivary cortisol response in relation to the use of pacifier and oral glucose
- 2009
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Ingår i: European Journal of Pain. - : Wiley. - 1090-3801 .- 1532-2149. ; 13:2, s. 202-208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aims of the present study were to investigate (1) whether the salivary cortisol response could be dampened during a routine three-month immunization if the infant received sweet-tasting solution in combination with a pacifier and (2) stress experienced by parents during immunization of the infant. Ninety-eight infants were included into one of four intervention groups: glucose and pacifier, water and pacifier, glucose, or water. Saliva was collected before and 30 min after the immunization. Infants crying-time and parents self-reported stress (VAS) were measured before and after immunization, Infants in the pacifier and glucose group had a significantly smaller change in salivary cortisol than infants in the other groups (F-3.72 = 3.1, p < 0.05). In the glucose and pacifier group the median salivary cortisol levels decreased 33% after the immunization. In the water and pacifier, glucose, and water group median cortisol increased with 50%, 42%, and 8%, respectively. No significant differences in crying-time were observed between the intervention groups. If the infant cried before the immunization, the crying-time during the immunization was longer (p < 0.01) and cortisol increased more (p < 0.05). Median cortisol levels for parents decreased after the immunization (p < 0.01). Median VAS increased 50% (p < 0.0001) after immunization. First time parents rated higher stress on VAS before immunization (p < 0.01). Parents change in cortisol and VAS were significantly related to infants crying time. In conclusion, the combination of oral glucose and pacifier dampen infants salivary cortisol in response to the three-month immunization.
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| 35. |
- Mörelius, Evalotte, et al.
(författare)
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Saliva collection using cotton buds with wooden sticks: a note of caution
- 2006
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5513 .- 1502-7686. ; 66:1, s. 15-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aims of the present study were to investigate whether the cotton-tipped applicators (cotton buds) used to collect saliva in infants can be stored un-centrifuged prior to cortisol analysis, and to test whether there is any difference in results between wooden and plastic-shafted sticks. Saliva was collected from 10 healthy adults using 6 cotton buds, i.e. 3 with wooden sticks and 3 with plastic sticks. The samples were then centrifuged at three different time-points: immediately after collection, after 24 h and after 48 h. Using cotton buds with wooden sticks, median salivary cortisol was significantly lower after 24 h (40 %) (p<0.001) and after 48 h (49 %) (p<0.001) of storage than it was of the samples centrifuged immediately. There was no significant difference between the samples centrifuged immediately and those centrifuged after 24 h and 48 h when saliva was collected using the cotton buds with plastic sticks. It is concluded that cotton buds with wooden sticks should not be used in studies of salivary cortisol unless it is possible to centrifuge the saliva immediately. Moreover, it is inadvisable to alternate between cotton buds with wooden and plastic sticks in the same study when collecting saliva for analysis of cortisol.
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| 36. |
- Mörelius, Evalotte, et al.
(författare)
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Salivary cortisol and mood and pain profiles during skin-to-skin care for an unselected group of mothers and infants in neonatal intensive care
- 2005
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Ingår i: Pediatrics. - : American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). - 0031-4005 .- 1098-4275. ; 116:5, s. 1105-1113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives. Mother-infant separation after birth is a well-known source of stress. Parents and preterm infants in neonatal intensive care are separated immediately after birth. Skin-to-skin care is 1 possible method to reduce the separation-dependent stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate how skin-to-skin care influences stress for the mother and the infant in neonatal intensive care. Methods. Seventeen mother-infant pairs were included at their first and fourth skin-to-skin care. The infants were 25 to 33 weeks' gestational age, with birth weights ranging from 495 to 2590 g. In mothers, salivary cortisol, heart rate, mood scale, and stress measured on a visual analog scale (VAS) were analyzed. In infants, salivary cortisol and heart rate were analyzed, and because pain is one facet of stress, 2 different pain scales were used. Results. In mothers, the skin-to-skin care decreased salivary cortisol (32%), heart rate (7%), and VAS (89%), whereas mood increased (6%). Before the fourth skin-to-skin care, mothers rated less stress on VAS, and salivary cortisol and heart rate improved faster. The infants' cortisol either increased or decreased. Their heart rates and pain scores decreased during skin-to-skin care. Conclusions. Our results lend additional support to the value of skin-to-skin care in neonatal intensive care. Variable stress responses in preterm infants favor the need for individualized care. The mothers' need for support seem to be more pronounced in the first skin-to-skin session as our results show a higher degree of stress as compared with later skin-to-skin care.
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| 37. |
- Mörelius, Evalotte, 1965-
(författare)
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Stress in infants and parents : Studies of salivary cortisol, behaviour and psychometric measures
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The life of a preterm infant admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit may be stressful from the moment of birth. Ever since Hans Selye’s initial characterisation of the biological stress response, cortisol has been frequently measured as an indicator of stress responsivity. However, research of the stress response and cortisol in infants, especially those who are preterm and/or ill, has been scarce basically because of methodological issues.The first aim with this thesis was to investigate the acute stress response, as measured by salivary cortisol and behaviour, for preterm infants, healthy infants, and infants at high psychosocial risk in response to certain defined handling procedures. The second aim was to investigate the stress response, as measured by salivary cortisol and psychometric measures, for parents present during the handling procedure of their infants. The intention was to perform all investigations in an as naturally occurring situation as possible, which means that the studied procedures would have been performed irrespectively of the research.The present thesis includes six original articles. The results of the first study demonstrate that it is feasible to collect sufficient amounts of saliva and to analyse salivary cortisol in neonates using the presented method of collection and analysis. The second study shows that preterm infants, usually cared for in incubators, show no signs of discomfort and have variable cortisol responses during skin-to-skin care with their mothers. The mothers, however, experience stress and low control before their first skin-to-skin care with their preterm infant and do not relax completely until after the session. In the third study we found that preterm infants have higher baseline salivary cortisol as compared to healthy full-term infants. Moreover, preterm infants have higher and sustained pain response during a nappy change as compared to healthy full-term infants. The results of the fourth study shows that infants younger than three months, living in psychosocial high-risk families, have increased cortisol responses during a nappy change, performed by the mother. However, support with the aim of improving mother-infant interaction, dampens the stress response. The results of the fifth study show that oral sweet-tasting solution in combination with a pacifier dampen the levels of the stress hormone cortisol in three months old infants during routine immunisation. Moreover, parents experience more self-rated emotional stress before immunisation if it is their first child who is being immunised. The sixth paper shows that the material used for saliva collection (cotton buds with wooden or plastic sticks) is of importance when saliva is collected but for practical reasons not centrifuged within 24 hours prior to cortisol analyse.The present thesis shows that it is practically feasible to collect saliva and to analyse the stress hormone cortisol in infants. The interpretation of infants’ and parents’ salivary cortisol responses to different handling procedures are discussed in relation to shortand long-term consequences, neonatal intensive care, preterm birth, attachment, mood, and pain.
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| 38. |
- Ronquist, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Inherited, non-spherocytic haemolysis due to deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5513 .- 1502-7686. ; 67:1, s. 105-111
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The about 400 million individuals worldwide suffering from a hereditary deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) may experience different degrees of haemolytic anaemia. Haemoglobin is present in very high concentrations in the erythrocyte cytoplasm, at risk of falling out of solution if the internal environment or the haemoglobin itself is changed. G6PD is a crucial enzyme producing reduced glutathione in the erythrocyte cytoplasm for the purpose of protecting haemoglobin against oxidative damage. The presence of unopposed oxidizing agents leading to oxidation of the sulfhydryl bridges between parts of the haemoglobin molecule decrease the solubility of haemoglobin, leading to precipitations called Heinz bodies. The laboratory investigation of G6PD deficiency is commonly done by a quantitative spectrophotometric analysis or by a rapid fluorescent spot test detecting the generation of NADPH from NADP. Genetic tests based on polymerase chain reaction detect specific mutations and may be used for population screening, family studies, or prenatal diagnosis.
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| 39. |
- Rudholm, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Bravo capsule system optimizes intragastric pH monitoring over prolonged time : Effects of ghrelin on gastric acid and hormone secretion in the rat
- 2008
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Ingår i: World Journal of Gastroenterology. - : Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.. - 1007-9327 .- 2219-2840. ; 14:40, s. 6180-6187
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To evaluate measurements of intragastric pH with the Bravo capsule system over a prolonged time. Methods: A Bravo capsule was placed inside the rat gastric body and pH was studied for periods up to five consecutive. days. For comparison, a gastric fistula model was used. Effects of ghrelin and esomeprazole, with or without pentagastrin, on gastric pH were studied. In addition, effects of esomeprazole on plasma ghrelin, gastrin and somatostatin were analyzed. Results: All rats recovered after surgery. The average 24-h pH during free feeding was 2.3 +/- 0.1 (n = 20) with a variation of 18% +/- 6% over 5 d. Ghrelin, 2400 pmol/kg, t.i.d. increased pH from 1.7 +/- 0.1 to 3.1 +/- 0.3 (P < 0.01) as recorded with the Bravo system. After esomeprazole (1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) there was a dose-dependent pH increase of maximally 3.4 +/- 0.1, with day-to-day variation over the entire period of 8% +/- 3%. The fistula and pH studies generated similar results. Acid inhibition with esomeprazole increased plasma ghrelin from 10 +/- 2 pmol/L to 65 +/- 26 pmol/L (P < 0.001), and somatostatin from 10 +/- 2 pmol/L to 67 +/- 18 pmol/L (P < 0.001). Conclusion: pH measurements with the Bravo capsule are reliable, and comparable to those of the gastric fistula model. The Bravo system optimizes accurate intragastric pH monitoring over prolonged periods and allows both short- and long-term evaluation of effects of drugs and hormones.
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| 40. |
- Rudholm, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Release of regulatory gut peptides somatostatin, neurotensin and vasoactive intestinal peptide by acid and hyperosmolal solutions in the intestine in conscious rats
- 2009
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Ingår i: Regulatory Peptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-0115 .- 1873-1686. ; 152:1-3, s. 8-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impact of exposure of the intestinal mucosa to acid and hyperosmolal solutions on the release of the inhibitory gut peptides somatostatin (SOM), neurotensin (NT) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was studied in conscious rats during pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. The animals were equipped with a chronic gastric fistula to measure acid secretion and a jejunal Thiry-Vella loop for intestinal challenge with saline, hydrochloric acid (HCl, 200 mmol L-1) or hyperosmolal polyethylene glycol (PEG, 1200 mOsm kg(-1)). Gut peptide concentrations were measured in intestinal perfusates, and in plasma samples collected during stimulated acid secretion, and at the end of experiments with luminal challenge of the loops. After pentagastrin-stimulation acid secretion was dose-dependently inhibited by intravenous administration of the gastrin receptor antagonist gastrazole, as well as ranitidine and esomeprazole by maximally 73 +/- 10%; 95 +/- 3%; 90 10%, respectively. Acid perfusion of the Thiry-Vella loop caused a prominent release of SOM both to the lumen (from 7.2 +/- 5.0 to 1279 +/- 580 pmol L-1) and to the circulation (from 18 +/- 5.2 to 51 +/- 9.0 pmol L-1) simultaneously with an inhibition of gastric acid secretion. The release of NTand VIP was not affected to the same extent. PEG perfusion of the loop caused a release of SOM as well as NT and VIP, but less. Simultaneously acid secretion was slightly decreased. In conclusion, intestinal perfusion with acid or hyperosmolal solutions mainly releases SOM, which seems to exert a major inhibitory action in the gut, as shown by inhibition of acid secretion. The other peptides NT and VIP also participate in this action but to a much lesser degree. The operative pathways of these gut peptides hence involve both endocrine (SOM) and paracrine actions (SOM, NT, VIP) in order to exert inhibitory functions on the stomach. The inhibitory action of gastrazole, was in a similar range as that of SOM implying that physiological acid-induced inhibition of gastric acid may primarily be exerted through inhibition of gastrin endocrine secretion.
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