| 51. |
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| 52. |
- Lönegren, Hans, 1932-
(författare)
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Control of land use and groundwater quality in Colorado and Sweden
- 1987
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this research is to shed light upon the organization and the system of regulations adopted by modern, industrialized societies in the interactive fields of land use and groundwater. By studying groundwater, long-term perspectives become more clear. The following questions are examined.Are there adequate rules (e.g., laws, regulations, requirements) to govern and regulate land use in order to prevent adverse changes in groundwater quality?Which are the dominating decison maker perspectives concerning the interaction between land use and changes in groundwater quality?To what extent do the current organizational and administrative processes consider knowledge and information about land use impacts on groundwater quality.This study has shown that legal tools are available and administrative responsibilities are defined for most of the land use activities discussed. One important exception is farming, for which no permits are requested and no conditions are proclaimed. Certain point actlvities involving risk for groundwater pollution may also remain unregulated.Even though different sectorial perspectives are favored by legislation, in Colorado and Sweden, it has been found that the dominating decision maker perspectives of land use is related to building activities.In conclusion, the efforts by society to protect groundwater from being contaminated from ongoing actlvities are not well organized and coordinated. Neither legal requirements nor administrative management are effective since they do not prevent land use activities from jeopardizing groundwater quality once a permit is given or general requirements are fulfilled.
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| 53. |
- Löwgren, Marianne, 1942-
(författare)
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Dynamics of water pollution control : A regional evaluation
- 1988
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The 1970's saw a strong governmental backing of measures taken to improve surface water quality by reducing point-source emissions in Sweden. The aim of this thesis primarily was to evaluate the cost effectiveness of governmental strategies implemented to improve surface water quality and to study the relationship between policies adopted and current knowledge about different sources of pollution.The cost effectiveness of investment spent to reduce point source emissions was assessed for the period 1970-1980 within parts of the Motala River Basin. Goal achievement and resource allocation were analysed by comparing official planning documents to the outcomes of the abatement program. For the changes of pollution perspectives overtime governmental reports were the main object of study.It was found that the aim of connecting wastewater from the urban population to tertiary treatment plants during the first half of the 1970's was reached with only minor exceptions and delays. Large scale treatment systems were created, supported by a governmental subsidization program. In an extended time- and space perspective the policy of piping household wastewater from small urban areas was questioned from an economic point of view, considering their small contributions to the eutrophication of surface waters and the existence of cheaper on-site methods. In conclusion the treatment policy implemented neither promoted recipient-oriented emission control, nor did it stimulate innovative technology development. As an entity, the resulting infrastructure developed for wastewater treatment is not easily adaptable to new emerging problems.It was further argued that the influence of previous conceptualizations of pollution problems was reflected by the actual resource allocation, resulting from the investment program of the 1970's. The time lag found between new societal foci, conceptualizations and solutions implemented was partly due to the inheritance of a physical infrastructure, partly there were mental barriers to be overcome. According to the cumulative nature of environmental policies, preventive measures will be added to existingpoint-source abatement strategies in the 1990's. But in contrast to the conceptualizations of water pollution as a point-source problem, for the recognitions of diffuse loads, made in the 1970's, there is no simple technical fix.
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| 54. |
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| 55. |
- Martinsson, Bengt-Göran, 1959-
(författare)
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Tradition och betydelse : Om selektion, legitimering och reproduktion av litterär betydelse i gymnasiets litteraturundervisning 1865-1968
- 1989
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this study has been to investigate under what conditions, to what purposes and, above all, with what content literature was taught in Swedish upper sixth form grammar schools' mother tongue teaching during 1865-1968.The investigation has, metaphorically speaking, aimed at mapping out the course of "life" which literature has lived within the framework of this teaching.The investigation's main source of material has been some 150 essays concerning literary subjects, written by grammar school students during 1871-1964. The essays, which arc kept in archives, were part of the Swedish academic grammar school examination, the examination which was required for university entrance. The essay material has been supplemented with investigations of official terms of reference and ordinances concerning education, pedagogical debate and leading Swedish literary research.In chapter 1, a brief theoretical background and an account of current research in the area is given. Chapter 2 presents a qualitative and a qualitative investigation of the students' essays. By means of the qualitative investigation three dominating literary approaches arc revealed. The quantitative study charts the three literary approaches' occurrence in a large amount of essay materials (101 essays) obtained from five Swedish grammar schools. The essays, which were written before the turn of the century and a few years into the 20th century, are dominated by an idealistic approach, which sees the author as a prophet of "the truth" and the work of literature as a mirror of the world of Ideas (in Plato's definition).During the following 3-4 decades, an empirical-historical approach dominates. This approach sees the author and the work of literature as an expression of the historical situation which they lived in and belonged to. The work of literature is seen as a depiction of the real world. The essays which were written during the latter part of the investigated period are dominated by a psychological approach. The work of literature is interpreted in the light of the author's personality and human qualities. Also the nature of literature as a symbolic description of the world, is emphasized.Chapter 3 begins with a short review of the contents of the ordinances and terms of reference which determined the teaching of literature at Swedish grammar school level from the 1850's until the middle of the 20th century. Thereafter parallels to the essays' literary approaches, which are found in the pedagogical debate and literary research, arc described.In chapter 4 the investigations described in earlier chapters' are analysed and explained in theoretical terms. The institutional functions of literature teaching, which have been identified by means of this study, namely the selection, legitimizing and reproduction of a literary tradition, are placed in the foreground and focused upon.
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| 56. |
- Nyberg, Anita, 1940-
(författare)
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Tekniken - kvinnornas befriare? : Hushållsteknik, köpevaror, gifta kvinnors hushållsarbetstid och förvärvsdeltagande 1930-talet - 1980-talet
- 1989
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A traditionalline of thought is the belief that technological development has liberatcd women from housework and improved their prospects for laber force participation. This traditional line of thought has been questioned by som e research ers. These researchers claim that increased access to manufactured goods, household appliances, plumbing and electric power coincides with higher demands on household productian of goodsand services and that there is no earrelation between, on the one hand, improved availability of merchandise and household appliances and, on the other, a reduction of housework time and an increase of married women in the labor force.The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between access to household technology and ready-made merchandise, and married women's work. Particular attention is paid to the number of hours spent by wife's on housework and their laber force participation. The study deals with Sweden during two periods: the 1930s, and between the l930s and the 1980s.The study finds that in the !930s wives on small farms had least access to household technology and merchandise. Yet, this category had the highest rate of laber force participation. Married women in high income, urban families bad greatest access to household technology and merchandise. They usually had a low rate of laber force participation.Greater access to household technology and merchandise did not reduce married women's housework hours. The potential reduction in housework time was counterbalanced by higher overall consumptian of goodsand services. The resull was the same or more housework time with no correlation to married women's labor force participation.Duringthe period 1930s to 1980s access to household technology and merchandise has risen dramatically. The time urban wives spend on housework has fallen and their labor force participation has risen. These three changes are not necessarily related. Other reasons might be behind the decrease in housework time: reduced overall household consumption of goods and services quite apart from increased availability of household technology and merchandise- and an increase in men's housework.Two reasons lie behind the traditional viewpoint described earlier. lt tends to underestimate the number of married women in the labor force earlier, and also to underestimate the amount of housework today.Total hours spent today by wives on shopping and home preparation exceed the total workhours by married women in the public sector. Wives spend more time cleaning than they do working in shops, restarrrants and hotels. They spend more time sewing than working in mirres and quarries, manufacturing and public utilities.The time married women previously devoted to labor force participation has been underestimated mainly because farmwives were not included in the statistics. If they are counted as in the labor force the rate of labor force participation for married women was about 40% in the 1930s instead of 8%. The rate of labor force participatian was thus high in the first decades of this century. The transition from an agrarian to an industrial society meant a fall in the number of women in the labor force. Industrialization and urbanization did not primarily diminish housework for married women; it reduced their participation in the labor force. Married women turned from doing two jobs to only working in the home. At the same time, access to household technology and merchandise increased. This period is, in a historical perspective, very short and unique. Married women once again today hold two jobs.
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| 57. |
- Palm, Ola, 1952-
(författare)
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Traditional lowland rice agriculture in Sri Lanka : Nitrogen cycling and options for biofertilizers
- 1988
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis has been: to study the dynamics of soil organic-matter, with regard to nitrogen in a traditional lowland-rice agricultural system; to consider options for and nitrogen cycling of biofertilizers, especially the green-manure legume Sesbania sesban; to discuss fertilizer sources and management constraints as parts of a sustainable agricultural development; and to discnss the methodological problems of controlled experiments vs. investigations in farmer's fields.The traditional lowland rice (paddy rice, Oryza saliva) system was low-intensive and little mechanization and fertilizers were used. Water and nutrients were considered the largest constraints to crop yield, and their spatial variability within a paddy tract was studied. Mineralization of soil organic matter is the main nitrogen source for the rice crop. Since the studied rice fields are cultivated for extensive periods, irrigation water transports clay particles to low-lying areas (a decrease in clay content from 45"/o to 15%, over a distance of about 300 m), resulting in accumulation of soil organic-matter in areas with higher clay content. Both the recalcitrant as well as the more labile fraction (N0) of soil organic nitrogen were higher in low-lying areas (7% N0 oftot-N with a clay content of6% and 15% N0 with a clay content between27 and 42%). Rice yieldduring the minor cultivation season 1985 varied considerably (from 720 to 4 180 kg ha-1), but was not related to soil organic-matter content. However, differences in water coverage duration of the fields partly explained yield variations.The legume Sesbania sesban was evaluated as a green manure crop. The nitrogen rich leaves (N-content 3.8%), which contained 88% of the nitrogen in the above-ground parts, decomposed and released nitrogen much more rapidly than the stems (N-content 0.41%) and roots (N-content 0.73%). After four days the leaves had released 53 kg N ha·1• The total N-input from S. sesban was 92 kg ha·1, which gave a rice yield of 3 960 kg ha·1 (corresponding yield with 96 kg N ha~I industrial fertilizer was 4 420 kg ha·1).For a sustainable development of this agricultural system a strategy based on active adaptation to local resources is discussed. This strategy is also in line with the view of the farmer. Concerning N-fertilizers, the use of green-manure legumes in combil)ation with industrial fertilizers shows the greatest potential.
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| 58. |
- Rahm, Lars, 1948-
(författare)
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A note on some hydrographic properties of the Eastern Gotland Basin
- 1988
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Ingår i: Beiträge fur Meereskunde. - 0067-5148. ; 58, s. 47-58
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mean values of salinity, temperature and oxygen concentrations are determined for the hydrographic station Gotland Deep (BY15) by field data obtained from the Fishery Board of Sweden for the period 1957-1982. These estimates are compared with the corresponding values of the entire basin, the Eastern Gotland Basin, which are attained by a volume-weighted procedure based on eight hydrographic stations in this area.
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| 59. |
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| 60. |
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