| 61. |
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| 62. |
- Marcheschi, Elizabeth, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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A Theoretical Model for Urban Walking Among People With Disabilities
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 11:156, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is an attempt to advance research on walking at a neighborhood level of analysis for people with disabilities by proposing a theoretical model that combines the knowledge of two disciplines: traffic planning and environmental psychology. The aim is to provide guidance for a discussion and a plan for future interdisciplinary investigations by proposing a model that accounts for the dynamic interaction between environmental characteristics, human processes, and walking experience among individuals with a disability. For this purpose, traffic planners, and environmental psychologists came together to discuss theories, concepts, and thematic relevance in a series of focus group meetings. These meetings led to the selection of the Human Environment Interaction (HEI) model, originally developed from the field of environmental psychology and operationalized to describe how walking experiences result from the interplay between individual abilities, emotional processes, and the physical and social characteristics of the environment (Küller, 1991). The proposed model aims to sustain interdisciplinary discussion and research planning around the topic of neighborhood walking for people with disabilities. By operationalizing each dimension in the model, a good fit between groups with disabilities and individual differences associated with walking experiences is assumed, which, in turn, will have the potential to provide a more conscious analysis of wellbeing-related outcomes, such as usability of the environment, frequency of mobility, and quality of life. However, to improve understanding of urban walking at a neighborhood level for people with disabilities, empirical studies must be carried out to test the proposed model.
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| 63. |
- Millroth, Philip, et al.
(författare)
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Preference or Ability : Exploring the Relations between Risk Preference, Personality, and Cognitive Abilities
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0894-3257 .- 1099-0771. ; 33:4, s. 477-491
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Key issues in the behavioral sciences are if there exist stable risk preferences that generalize across domains and if these are best measured by revealed risk preference (RRP) in behavioral decision tasks or by surveys eliciting stated risk preference (SRP). We applied network analysis to data from a representative Swedish sample to investigate the relations between RRP, SRP, personality characteristics, and cognitive abilities, using in total over 70 measurements. The results showed that different measures of RRP were poorly intercorrelated and formed a community together with measures of numerical and cognitive abilities. Measures of SRP were weakly correlated with measures of RRP and identified in a distinctly separate community, along with personality characteristics and gender. The ensuing analyses provided support for a model suggesting that RRPs are contaminated by demands on numerical and cognitive abilities. RRPs may thus suffer from poor construct validity, whereas SRPs may better capture people's everyday risk preferences because they are related to more stable traits.
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| 64. |
- Paulin, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Bi-directional associations between gender-based harassment at work, psychological treatment and depressive symptoms
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate the bi-directional associations between experienced and witnessed gender-based harassment (GBH) on the one hand, and depressive symptoms and psychological treatment on the other, in an occupational setting. GBH are behaviors that derogate, demean, or humiliate an individual based on his or her gender.Methods: The analyses were based on data from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health at 2018 (T1) and 2020 (T2), including 6,679 working participants (60.3% women) with a majority in the age range of 45–64. Using cross-lagged structural equational models, we analyzed experienced and witnessed GBH in relation to depressive symptoms and having received psychological treatment (talked to a counselor or psychological professional) over time.Results: Our results showed that neither experienced nor witnessed GBH was prospectively associated with depressive symptoms or psychological treatment over two years. Both higher levels of depressive symptoms (β = 0.002, p ≤ 0.001) and having received psychological treatment (β = 0.013, p = 0.027) weakly predicted experiences of GBH over time. Having received psychological treatment was furthermore weakly associated with witnessed GBH (β = 0.019, p = 0.012).Discussion: In conclusion, the hypothesized associations between exposure to GBH and mental health outcomes were not statistically significant, while a weak reverse association was noted. More research addressing bidirectional associations between GBH and mental health outcomes are needed.
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| 65. |
- Portnoy, Shiri, et al.
(författare)
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Beliefs about suspect alibis: A survey of lay people in the United Kingdom, Israel, and Sweden
- 2020
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Evidence & Proof. - : SAGE Publications. - 1365-7127 .- 1740-5572. ; 24:1, s. 59-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During police interviews, innocent suspects may provide unconvincing alibis due to impaired memory processes or guilt-presumptive behaviour on behalf of the interviewer. Consequently, innocent suspects may be prosecuted and tried in court, where lay people who serve jury duty will assess their alibi’s credibility. To examine lay people’s beliefs and knowledge regarding suspect alibis, and specifically about such factors that may hamper innocent suspects’ ability to provide convincing alibis, we administered an eight-question questionnaire across the United Kingdom (n = 96), Israel (n = 124), and Sweden (n = 123). Participants did not tend to believe that innocent suspects’ alibis might inadvertently include incorrect details, but acknowledged that impaired memory processes may cause this. Additionally, most participants believed that a presumption of guilt can affect how interviewers interview suspects. The findings suggest that lay people who may serve jury duty hold some mistaken beliefs regarding alibi provision by suspects.
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| 66. |
- Pyszkowska, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Psychological Flexibility and Self-Compassion as Predictors of Well-Being : Mediating Role of a Balanced Time Perspective
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Measures of psychological flexibility and self-compassion are strongly associated with well-being. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that these relationships are mediated by a balanced time perspective, a proposed ideal way of relating to the past, present, and future that may correspond with an ability to flexibly switch temporal focus. For this purpose, a Polish community sample (N = 421) responded to a web-survey including measures of psychological flexibility (AAQ-II), self-compassion (SCS), two measures of positive aspects of well-being (Satisfaction with Life, Quality of Life), and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). Structural equation models, involving a measure of deviation from a balanced time perspective (DBTP) as a mediator of relationships between latent-level psychological flexibility, self-compassion and well-being factors, were tested. We examined separate models for psychological flexibility and self-compassion and a model including both constructs. The results for separate models were consistent with partial mediation of relationships with well-being, both for psychological flexibility and self-compassion. Results for the analysis involving both constructs, suggested unique contributions of both to DBTP, which in turn predicted well-being, but the link between psychological flexibility and DBTP appeared to be the strongest. In further analyses, three ZTPI dimensions were identified as most critical, namely Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, and Past Negative, each of which were part of an indirect effect on well-being. Psychological flexibility in particular, showed a strong negative association with a Past Negative orientation. Taken together, the results indicate that time perspective is a factor to understand the links between psychological flexibility/self-compassion and well-being. While the results pertaining to self-compassion were consistent with results of a couple of prior studies, this is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of a link between psychological flexibility and a balanced time perspective. These findings should be relevant for clinical research and practice.
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| 67. |
- Rafi, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
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A Workplace Prevention Program for Problem Gambling
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gambling is an activity that may involve harm for the gambler and others close to the gambler. Since workplaces may be negatively affected by employees who gamble during work or are at-risk problem gamblers, this setting has been proposed as a suitable arena for prevention. However, the potential effects of such initiatives have not been evaluated. This thesis explored the effects of a workplace prevention program for problem gambling. The program comprised gambling policy development and skill development training for managers.Study I used pre-intervention measures to explore gambling characteristics of employees (n=3629) in ten organizations, including both private and public sector organizations, and blue- and white-collar workers. About one in 20 employees knew someone who gambled during work, and this proportion was similar for both managers and subordinates. Another finding was that 3.5% of respondents were categorized as at-risk problem gamblers, with a higher prevalence among subordinates (3.8%) than managers (1.3%). A third finding was that 11.4% of employees stated that the organization had a gambling policy, and that this did not differ between managers and subordinates. Gambling policy knowledge was considerably lower than alcohol policy knowledge, as an alcohol policy was believed to exist by 94.3% of managers and 63.3% of subordinates. Lastly, in regression analyses, the two outcomes “knowing about a colleague who gambles during work” and “at-risk/problem gambling” were associated with each other, male gender, and young age. Taken together, the findings offer evidence that gambling may be an important topic to target in workplace settings, although more research is needed to pinpoint specific workplace harms and whether certain gambling types are associated with more workplace harms than others.Study II used a cluster-randomized design to investigate the effects of a prevention program. Ten organizations were randomized to an intervention group or a waitlist group. Individuals who were employed on any of three measurement occasions were eligible to participate. A total of n=490 (response rate 73%) managers and n = 4146 (response rate 43.3%) subordinates participated in the study by providing informed consent and responding to the survey at least once. The prevention program included two main components: policy development and skill development training for managers. The main outcome was managers’ inclination to act when worried about an employee regarding gambling or other harmful use (e.g., alcohol), together with a range of secondary outcome measures. The results showed that managers who participated in the skill development training significantly increased their inclination to act compared to the waitlist group, but this finding was not generalized to the whole intervention group. Thus, including managers in the intervention group who did not participate in the skill development training when calculating intervention effects resulted in non-significant effects. The results of secondary outcome measures showed that there were significant intervention effects regarding managers’ knowledge of a gambling policy, their confidence in how to act when concerned about an employee’s possible problem gambling or other harmful use, and the proportion of managers who had acted to provide support. Study III included semi-structured interviews with skill development participants (n=23) to inquire about their experiences of the prevention program. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis, which yielded six distinct themes related to the participants, namely: 1) their expectations, 2) aspects of the skill development training they appreciated, 3) their experiences of PG, 4) their proposed areas of improvement, 5) whether they felt they had received a good basis for PG and other harmful use, and 6) their thoughts about the so-called “difficult conversation”. Taken together, the findings provide ideas for improving gambling-specific interventions for the workplace and corroborate earlier research findings on workplace interventions in general.To conclude, the thesis shows that a workplace preventive intervention for gambling can have positive effects on managers’ intended and performed actions to help an employee who they suspect has a problem with gambling or other harmful use. However, further program improvements and in-depth studies are needed to draw conclusions on explanations, robustness, and mechanisms of change.
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| 68. |
- Rosa, Eduardo, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring Residual Capacity : The Effectiveness of a Vibrotactile Warning During Increasing Levels of Mental Workload in Simulated Flight Tasks
- 2020
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Ingår i: Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors. - : Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. - 2192-0923 .- 2192-0931. ; 10:1, s. 13-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alarm systems may take advantage of the tactile modality for allocation of attentional resources during the performance of demanding tasks in complex environments. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a tactile warning during increasing levels of mental workload in a primary task. Three simulated flight task conditions varying in mental workload were presented while an “on-thigh” vibrotactile warning was randomly assessed. Generally, there was a decrement in overall warning response performance when task workload increased, but this tendency faded and plateaued as the level of task workload progressed. The observed pattern indicates that vibrotactile warning signals may offer a plausible mode for conveying information during increasing levels of primary task workload.
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| 69. |
- Rosa, Eduardo
(författare)
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Pilots’ decision-making, emotions and cognitive performance in simulated environments
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis is to investigate pilots’ performances in distinct simulation environments as related to the phenomena of cognition, emotion and fatigue. By doing so, it provides psychological material to broaden the understanding and possibility to development of pilots’ non-technical skills category related to the operational context. The thesis examines these phenomena in two environmental settings, comprised of low- and high-fidelity context environments. Using a low-fidelity simulation (Study I), it investigates dynamic decision-making of commercial pilots. Next, using a high-fidelity environment (Studies II, III and IV), it investigates fatigue, cognition, emotion and its physiological associations in long-duration flight missions in a military context. Study I indicates that low-fidelity simulations can be beneficial for the understanding of the cognitive processes involved in dynamic decision-making of commercial pilots. The use of such simulations can aid pilots in recognizing useful information in an ill-defined problem, which is essential for a successful decision process. The development of pilots’ decision-making can be complemented by the use of low-fidelity simulations. This may contribute to dynamic decisions in the flight environment. Studies II, III and IV indicate that high-fidelity environments are required when evaluating the context in which assessment of individual psychological aspects demands high representational level to the natural environment. Long-duration single-piloted aircraft missions should consider that pilots might have decreased sustained attention, decrease in positive emotions and increase in negative emotions after approximately 7 hours into the mission. However, performance of more complex cognitive tasks may not be degraded in an 11-hours flight mission. Associations between heart rate variability and emotional ratings may indicate levels of physiological arousal. This may contribute to the assessment of overall psychological states of pilots in such context. This comprehensive assessment of pilots’ psychology in this environment may aid in pilots’ preparation and in the planning of long-duration missions. Taken together, the conclusions of this thesis indicate that a proper use of low- and high-fidelity simulations encourages pilots’ awareness on the necessity in adapting to changing circumstances. This promotes resilience, a fundamental constituent of safety.
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| 70. |
- Skoog, Therése, et al.
(författare)
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The role of relational support in the longitudinal links between adolescent sexual harassment victimization and psychological health
- 2021
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Ingår i: Development and psychopathology (Print). - 0954-5794 .- 1469-2198. ; 33:4, s. 1368-1380
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The links between sexual harassment victimization and aspects of psychopathology are well-established in adolescent research, but whether sexual harassment victimization undermines positive aspects of psychological health and the moderating role of relational support in the link between sexual harassment victimization and psychological ill-health remains unknown. Using a cross-lagged model, we examined (a) the bidirectional and longitudinal links between sexual harassment victimization and adolescent psychological health (emotional problems and well-being) and (b) the moderating role of relational support from parents, teachers, and peers (best friends and classmates) in the link between sexual harassment victimization and adolescent psychological health. We used two waves of self-reported data (separated by 1 year) from 676 Swedish adolescents (50% female; mean age = 13.85 years at the point of first data collection). Controlling for the effects of gender and subjective socioeconomic status, the cross-lagged model revealed that sexual harassment predicted emotional problems positively and well-being negatively. Moreover, well-being predicted sexual harassment negatively. Relational support from classmates moderated the link in the direction from sexual harassment victimization to emotional problems. Relational support did not moderate the link to well-being. The findings provide new and important insights into the role of sexual harassment victimization in adolescent psychological adjustment and potential approaches to intervention.
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