| 26. |
- Hagenbo, Andreas, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
-
Carbon use efficiency of mycorrhizal fungal mycelium increases during the growing season but decreases with forest age across a Pinus sylvestris chronosequence
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0022-0477 .- 1365-2745. ; 107:6, s. 2808-2822
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In boreal forest soils, mycelium of mycorrhizal fungi is pivotal for regulating soil carbon (C) cycling and storage. The carbon use efficiency (CUE), a key parameter in C cycling models, can inform on the partitioning of C between microbial biomass, and potential soil storage, and respiration. Here, we test the dependency of mycorrhizal mycelial CUE on stand age and seasonality in managed boreal forest stands. Based on mycelial production and respiration estimates, derived from sequentially incubated ingrowth mesh bags, we estimated CUE on an ecosystem scale during a seasonal cycle and across a chronosequence of eight, 12- to 158-year-old, managed Pinus sylvestris forest stands characterized by decreasing pH and nitrogen (N) availability with increasing age. Mycelial respiration was related to total soil respiration, and by using eddy covariance flux measurements, primary production (GPP) was estimated in the 12- and 100-year-old forests, and related to mycelial respiration and CUE. As hypothesized, mycelial CUE decreased significantly with increasing forest age by c. 65%, supposedly related to a shift in mycorrhizal community composition and a metabolic adjustment reducing their own biomass N demand with declining soil N availability. Furthermore, mycelial CUE increased by a factor of five over the growing season; from 0.03 in May to 0.15 in November, and we propose that the seasonal change in CUE is regulated by a decrease in photosynthate production and temperature. The respiratory contribution of mycorrhizal mycelium ranged from 14% to 26% of total soil respiration, and was on average 17% across all sites and occasions. Synthesis. Carbon is retained more efficiently in mycorrhizal mycelium late in the growing season, when fungi have access to a more balanced C and nutrient supplies. Earlier in the growing season, at maximum host plant photosynthesis, when below-ground C availability is high in relation to N, the fungi respire excess C resulting in lower mycelial carbon use efficiency (CUE). Additionally, C is retained less efficiently in mycorrhizal fungal biomass in older forest stands characterized by more nutrient depleted soils than younger forest stands.
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| 27. |
- Hagenbo, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
-
Changes in turnover rather than production regulate biomass of ectomycorrhizal fungal mycelium across a Pinus sylvestris chronosequence
- 2017
-
Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 214:1, s. 424-431
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In boreal forest soils, ectomycorrhizal fungi are fundamentally important for carbon (C) dynamics and nutrient cycling. Although their extraradical mycelium (ERM) is pivotal for processes such as soil organic matter build-up and nitrogen cycling, very little is known about its dynamics and regulation.In this study, we quantified ERM production and turnover, and examined how these two processes together regulated standing ERM biomass in seven sites forming a chronosequence of 12- to 100-yr-old managed Pinus sylvestris forests. This was done by determining ERM biomass, using ergosterol as a proxy, in sequentially harvested in-growth mesh bags and by applying mathematical models.Although ERM production declined with increasing forest age from 1.2 to 0.5 kg ha(-1) d(-1) , the standing biomass increased from 50 to 112 kg ha(-1) . This was explained by a drastic decline in mycelial turnover from seven times to one time per year with increasing forest age, corresponding to mean residence times from 25 d up to 1 yr.Our results demonstrate that ERM turnover is the main factor regulating biomass across differently aged forest stands. Explicit inclusion of ERM parameters in forest ecosystem C models may significantly improve their capacity to predict responses of mycorrhiza-mediated processes to management and environmental changes.
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| 28. |
- Hagenbo, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
-
Ectomycorrhizal necromass turnover is one-third of biomass turnover in hemiboreal Pinus sylvestris forests
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Plants, People, Planet. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2572-2611. ; 6:4, s. 951-964
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Societal Impact Statement:Efficient mitigation of climate change requires predictive models of forest ecosystems as sinks for atmospheric carbon. Mycorrhizal fungi are drivers of soil carbon storage in boreal forests, yet they are typically excluded from ecosystem models, because of a lack of information about their growth and turnover. Closing this knowledge gap could help us better predict future responses to climate change and guide policy decisions for sustainable management of forest ecosystems. This study provides new estimates of the production and turnover of mycorrhizal mycelial biomass and necromass. This information can facilitate the integration of mycorrhizal fungi into new predictive models of boreal forest soils.Summary:In boreal forests, turnover of biomass and necromass of ectomycorrhizal extraradical mycelia (ERM) are important for mediating long-term carbon storage. However, ectomycorrhizal fungi are usually not considered in ecosystem models, because data for parameterization of ERM dynamics is lacking.Here, we estimated the production and turnover of ERM biomass and necromass across a hemiboreal Pinus sylvestris chronosequence aged 12 to 100 years. Biomass and necromass were quantified in sequentially harvested in-growth bags, and incubated in the soil for 1-24 month, and Bayesian calibration of mathematical models was applied to arrive at parametric estimates of ERM production and turnover rates of biomass and necromass.Steady states were predicted to be nearly reached after 160 and 390 growing season days, respectively, for biomass and necromass. The related turnover rates varied with 95% credible intervals of 1.7-6.5 and 0.3-2.5 times yr-1, with mode values of 2.9 and 0.9 times yr-1, corresponding to mean residence times of 62 and 205 growing season days.Our results highlight that turnover of necromass is one-third of biomass. This together with the variability in the estimates can be used to parameterize ecosystem models, to explicitly include ERM dynamics and its impact on mycorrhizal-derived soil carbon accumulation in boreal forests.
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| 29. |
- Högberg, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Factors determining the 13C abundance of soil-respired CO2 in Boreal forests
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Stable isotopes and biosphere-atmosphere interactions. - : Elsevier. - 9780120884476 ; , s. 47-68
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analysis of the isotopic composition of the CO2 respired from soils may reveal information about the important component of the ecosystem C balance. This is crucial, since a large terrestrial sink for atmospheric CO2 has been located in the northern hemisphere, and the vast boreal forests may be largely responsible. At the same time, boreal and arctic ecosystems have large amounts of C stored in the soil, and could potentially become a source of CO2 in a warmer climate promoting more rapid decomposition of soil organic matter. Furthermore, the northern hemisphere has complex dynamics in terms of annual fluctuations in both the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and its δl3C. It is of utmost importance to understand the causes of this variability, since it interferes with the partitioning between the ocean and the terrestrial contributions in global models. This chapter aims to provide an update on the reviews by Flanagan and Ehleringer and Ehleringer et al. on the causation of the δ13C of the soil CO2 efflux and, in doing this, focuses on the boreal forests.
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| 30. |
- Högberg, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Substrate-induced respiration measured in situ in a C-3-plant ecosystem using additions of C-4-sucrose
- 1996
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Ingår i: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0038-0717 .- 1879-3428. ; 28:9, s. 1131-1138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We added sucrose derived from sugar cane, a tropical C4-plant, to the soil of a temperate C3-forest plant system. The combined measurement of CO2 respiration rate and 13C natural abundance of CO2 enabled a distinction to be made between C3- and C4-respiration, which offered new possibilities to analyze basal respiration and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) in the field. In tests in the laboratory, through-flow systems were used, while in the field the stationary gas phase under soil covers was sampled. Results from the laboratory and in the field were similar with an average SIR response of 2.2 (range 1.7–2.7) times the basal respiration. The change in δ13C after addition of C4-surcrose was less than expected from the increase in respiration rate. Calculations showed that there was an increased efflux of C3-carbon after the C4-sucrose addition. We describe mathematical models, by which we calculated the various source effects contributing to the measured response. The method has numerous advantages, e.g. it uses naturally labelled inexpensive non-hazardous compounds and measurements are non-destructive to the studied system.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Johansson, Veronika A., 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Partial mycoheterotrophy in Pyroleae : nitrogen and carbon stable isotope signatures during development from seedling to adult
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Oecologia. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 0029-8549 .- 1432-1939. ; 177:1, s. 203-211
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mycoheterotrophic plants (MHP) are divided into non-photosynthesizing full MHP and green-leaved partial or initial MHP. We investigated 13C and 15N isotope enrichment in five putatively partial MHP species in the tribe Pyroleae (Ericaceae): Chimaphila umbellata, Moneses uniflora, Orthilia secunda, Pyrola chlorantha and Pyrola minor, sampled from forest sites on Öland, Sweden. For M. uniflora and P. chlorantha, we investigated isotope signatures of subterranean seedlings (which are mycoheterotrophic), to examine how the use of seedlings instead of full MHP species (Hypopitys monotropa) as reference species affects the assessment of partial mycoheterotrophy. Our main findings were as follows: (1) All investigated Pyroleae species were enriched in 15N compared to autotrophic reference plants. (2) significant fungal-derived C among the Pyroleae species was found for O. secunda and P. chlorantha. For the remaining species of C. umbellata, M. uniflora and P. minor, isotope signatures suggested adult autotrophy. (3) C and N gains, calculated using seedlings as a full MHP reference, yielded qualitatively similar results as when using H. monotropa as a reference. However, the estimated differences in C and N gains became larger when using seedlings as an MHP reference. (4) A previously unknown interspecific variation in isotope signature occurs during early ontogeny, from seed production to developing seedlings. Our findings suggest that there is a variation among Pyroleae species concerning partial mycoheterotrophy in adults. Adult autotrophy may be most common in Pyroleae species, and these species may not be as dependent on fungal-derived nutrients as some green orchids.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Koch, Alina, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
-
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl-Contaminated Freshwater Impacts Adjacent Riparian Food Webs
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : ACS Publications. - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 54:19, s. 11951-11960
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in aquatic ecosystems is a global concern because of their persistence, potential bioaccumulation, and toxicity. In this study, we investigated a PFAS-contaminated pond in Sweden to assess the cross-boundary transfer of PFASs from the aquatic environment to the riparian zone via emergent aquatic insects. Aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, surface water, sediments, soils, and plants were analyzed for 24 PFASs including branched isomers. Stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen was performed to elucidate the importance of diet and trophic position for PFAS uptake. We present the first evidence that PFASs can propagate to the riparian food web via aquatic emergent insects. Elevated Σ24PFAS concentrations were found in aquatic insect larvae, such as dragon- and damselflies, ranging from 1100 to 4600 ng g-1 dry weight (dw), and remained high in emerged adults (120-3500 ng g-1 dw), indicating exposure risks for top predators that prey in riparian zones. In terrestrial invertebrate consumers, PFAS concentrations increased with the degree of aquatic-based diet and at higher trophic levels. Furthermore, stable isotope data together with calculated bioaccumulation factors indicated that bioconcentration of PFASs was the major pathway of exposure in the aquatic food web and bioaccumulation in the riparian food web.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Koch, Alina, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Quantification of Biodriven Transfer of Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from the Aquatic to the Terrestrial Environment via Emergent Insects
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 55:12, s. 7900-7909
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emergent aquatic insects are important food subsidies to riparian food webs but can also transfer waterborne contaminants to the terrestrial environment. This study aimed to quantitatively assess this biodriven transfer for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Aquatic insect larvae, emergent aquatic insects, terrestrial consumers, sediment, and water were collected from a contaminated lake and stream and an uncontaminated pond, and analyzed for PFAS and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. Top predators in this study were spiders, which showed the highest average ∑24PFAS concentration of 1400 ± 80 ng g–1 dry weight (dw) at the lake and 630 ng g–1 dw at the stream. The transfer of PFAS from the lake to the riparian zone, via deposition of emergent aquatic insects, was 280 ng ∑24PFAS m–2 d–1 in 2017 and only 23 ng ∑24PFAS m–2 d–1 in 2018. Because of higher production of emergent aquatic insects, the lake had higher PFAS transfer and higher concentrations in terrestrial consumers compared to the stream, despite the stream having higher PFAS concentration in water and aquatic insect larvae. Our results indicate that biodriven transfer of PFAS from the aquatic systems and subsequent uptake in terrestrial food webs depend more on emergence amounts, i.e., aquatic prey availability, rather than on PFAS concentrations in water and aquatic prey.
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| 37. |
- Kyaschenko, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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Soil fertility in boreal forest relates to root-driven nitrogen retention and carbon sequestration in the mor layer
- 2019
-
Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : Blackwell Science Ltd.. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 221:3, s. 1492-1502
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Boreal forest soils retain significant amounts of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in purely organic layers, but the regulation of organic matter turnover and the relative importance of leaf litter and root‐derived inputs are not well understood.We combined bomb 14C dating of organic matter with stable isotope profiling for Bayesian parameterization of an organic matter sequestration model. C and N dynamics were assessed across annual depth layers (cohorts), together representing 256 yr of organic matter accumulation. Results were related to ecosystem fertility (soil inorganic N, pH and litter C : N).Root‐derived C was estimated to decompose two to 10 times more slowly than leaf litter, but more rapidly in fertile plots. The amounts of C and N per cohort declined during the initial 20 yr of decomposition, but, in older material, the amount of N per cohort increased, indicating N retention driven by root‐derived C.The dynamics of root‐derived inputs were more important than leaf litter dynamics in regulating the variation in organic matter accumulation along a forest fertility gradient. N retention in the rooting zone combined with impeded mining for N in less fertile ecosystems provides evidence for a positive feedback between ecosystem fertility and organic matter turnover.
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| 38. |
- Ladd, Brenton, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon isotopic signatures of soil organic matter correlate with leaf area index across woody biomes
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0022-0477 .- 1365-2745. ; 102:6, s. 1606-1611
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Leaf area index (LAI), a measure of canopy density, is a key variable for modelling and understanding primary productivity, and also water use and energy exchange in forest ecosystems. However, LAI varies considerably with phenology and disturbance patterns, so alternative approaches to quantifying stand-level processes should be considered. The carbon isotope composition of soil organic matter (C-13(SOM)) provides a time-integrated, productivity-weighted measure of physiological and stand-level processes, reflecting biomass deposition from seasonal to decadal time scales.Our primary aim was to explore how well LAI correlates with C-13(SOM) across biomes.Using a global data set spanning large environmental gradients in tropical, temperate and boreal forest and woodland, we assess the strength of the correlation between LAI and C-13(SOM); we also assess climatic variables derived from the WorldClim database.We found that LAI was strongly correlated with C-13(SOM), but was also correlated with Mean Temperature of the Wettest Quarter, Mean Precipitation of Warmest Quarter and Annual Solar Radiation across and within biomes.Synthesis. Our results demonstrate that C-13(SOM) values can provide spatially explicit estimates of leaf area index (LAI) and could therefore serve as a surrogate for productivity and water use. While C-13(SOM) has traditionally been used to reconstruct the relative abundance of C-3 versus C-4 species, the results of this study demonstrate that within stable C-3- or C-4-dominated biomes, C-13(SOM) can provide additional insights. The fact that LAI is strongly correlated to C-13(SOM) may allow for a more nuanced interpretation of ecosystem properties of palaeoecosystems based on palaeosol C-13 values.
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| 39. |
- Lundberg, Peter, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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C-13 NMR spectroscopy studies of forest soil microbial activity : glucose uptake and fatty acid biosynthesis
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - 0038-0717 .- 1879-3428. ; 33:4-5, s. 621-632
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The intimate association of soil microorganisms with the soil matrix complicates analysis of their metabolism, since thorough separation of intact cells from the matrix is very difficult using standard protocols. Thus, in the study reported here, in situ glucose decomposition and metabolism in humus from a coniferous forest soil was monitored and evaluated using ‘solution state’ 13C NMR, which can be used in a non-invasive manner. [U-13C] glucose was added at a concentration of 1.73 mmol C g−1 dry organic matter, which is known to allow maximal substrate induced respiration (SIR), and the microbial metabolism of the added C was followed over a period of 28 days. The data showed that ∼50% of the added glucose was consumed within three days, coinciding with the appearance of label in CH3, –CH2– and –CH=CH– groups, and in glycerol-carbons, suggesting that olefinic triacylglycerols were being formed, probably located in oil droplets. During days two to three, around 40% of the consumed glucose C was allocated into solid state components, about 40% was respired and about 20% was found as triglycerols. The triacylglycerol signal reached a maximum after 13 days, but subsequently declined by 60%, as the triacylglycerols were apparently consumed, by day 28 of the incubation. Our results indicate there was an initial formation of structural microbial C (solid state carbon) followed by formation of storage lipid C, which subsequently decreased, probably because it was used to provide the organisms with energy when the external energy source (i.e. the glucose) was depleted. The formation of unsaturated triacylglycerols, typical storage metabolites of eucaryotes, suggests that fungi were the most active organisms in the glucose degradation.
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| 40. |
- Mahmood, Shahid, et al.
(författare)
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Ectomycorrhizal fungi integrate nitrogen mobilisation and mineral weathering in boreal forest soil
- 2024
-
Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 242:4, s. 1545-1560
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tree growth in boreal forests is driven by ectomycorrhizal fungal mobilisation of organic nitrogen and mineral nutrients in soils with discrete organic and mineral horizons. However, there are no studies of how ectomycorrhizal mineral weathering and organic nitrogen mobilisation processes are integrated across the soil profile. We studied effects of organic matter (OM) availability on ectomycorrhizal functioning by altering the proportions of natural organic and mineral soil in reconstructed podzol profiles containing Pinus sylvestris plants, using 13 CO2 pulse labelling, patterns of naturally occurring stable isotopes (26 Mg and 15 N) and high-throughput DNA sequencing of fungal amplicons. Reduction in OM resulted in nitrogen limitation of plant growth and decreased allocation of photosynthetically derived carbon and mycelial growth in mineral horizons. Fractionation patterns of 26 Mg indicated that magnesium mobilisation and uptake occurred primarily in the deeper mineral horizon and was driven by carbon allocation to ectomycorrhizal mycelium. In this horizon, relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi, carbon allocation and base cation mobilisation all increased with increased OM availability. Allocation of carbon through ectomycorrhizal fungi integrates organic nitrogen mobilisation and mineral weathering across soil horizons, improving the efficiency of plant nutrient acquisition. Our findings have fundamental implications for sustainable forest management and belowground carbon sequestration.
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| 41. |
- Menichetti, Lorenzo, et al.
(författare)
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Increase in soil stable carbon isotope ratio relates to loss of organic carbon : results from five long-term bare fallow experiments
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Oecologia. - New York : Springer Verlag. - 0029-8549 .- 1432-1939. ; 177:3, s. 811-821
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Changes in the 12C/13C ratio (expressed as δ13C) of soil organic C (SOC) has been observed over long time scales and with depth in soil profiles. The changes are ascribed to the different reaction kinetics of 12C and 13C isotopes and the different isotopic composition of various SOC pool components. However, experimental verification of the subtle isotopic shifts associated with SOC turnover under field conditions is scarce. We determined δ13C and SOC in soil sampled during 1929–2009 in the Ap-horizon of five European long-term bare fallow experiments kept without C inputs for 27–80 years and covering a latitudinal range of 11°. The bare fallow soils lost 33–65 % of their initial SOC content and showed a mean annual δ13C increase of 0.008–0.024 ‰. The 13C enrichment could be related empirically to SOC losses by a Rayleigh distillation equation. A more complex mechanistic relationship was also examined. The overall estimate of the fractionation coefficient (ε) was −1.2 ± 0.3 ‰. This coefficient represents an important input to studies of long-term SOC dynamics in agricultural soils that are based on variations in 13C natural abundance. The variance of ε may be ascribed to site characteristics not disclosed in our study, but the very similar kinetics measured across our five experimental sites suggest that overall site-specific factors (including climate) had a marginal influence and that it may be possible to isolate a general mechanism causing the enrichment, although pre-fallow land use may have some impact on isotope abundance and fractionation.
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| 42. |
- Mielke, Louis A., et al.
(författare)
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Ericaceous dwarf shrubs contribute a significant but drought-sensitive fraction of soil respiration in a boreal pine forest
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Ecology. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0022-0477 .- 1365-2745. ; 110:8, s. 1928-1941
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Boreal forests often have a dense understorey of ericaceous dwarf shrubs with ecological adaptations that contrast those of the canopy-forming trees. It is therefore important to quantify contributions by understorey shrubs to ecosystem processes and disentangle shrub- and tree-driven responses to climatic factors. We quantified soil respiration driven by the pine canopy and the ericaceous shrub understorey over 3 years, using a factorial pine root exclusion and shrub removal experiment in a mature Pinus sylvestris forest. Soil temperature and moisture-related responses of respiration attributed to autotrophs (shrubs, pine roots) and heterotrophs were compared. Additionally, we assessed effects of interactions between these functional groups on soil nitrogen availability and respiration. Understorey shrubs accounted for 22% +/- 10% of total autotrophic respiration, reflecting the ericaceous proportion of fine root production in the ecosystem. Heterotrophic respiration constituted about half of total soil respiration. Shrub-driven respiration was more susceptible to drought than heterotrophic- and pine-driven respiration. While the respiration attributed to canopy and understorey remained additive, indicating no competitive release, the plant guilds competed for soil N. Synthesis. Ericaceous understorey shrubs accounted for a small, yet significant, share of total growing season soil respiration. Overlooking understorey respiration may lead to erroneous partitioning and modelling of soil respiration mediated by functional guilds with contrasting responses to soil temperature and moisture. A larger contribution by heterotrophs and pine root-associated organisms to soil respiration under drought conditions could have important implications for soil organic matter accumulation and decomposition as the climate changes in boreal forests.
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| 43. |
- Misra, Satabdi, et al.
(författare)
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Multi-proxy approach on the hydrocarbon generation perspective of Barjora Basin, India
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Marine and Petroleum Geology. - : Elsevier. - 0264-8172 .- 1873-4073. ; 112
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Barjora Basin in India is a small basin characterized by a high organic richness of early mature nature. The present study aims to find the source of organic matter (OM) and hydrocarbon generation potential of Barjora Basin. Systematically collected coal and shale samples from R-II seam of the basin were used for proximate and ultimate analyses, Rock Eval pyrolysis along with total organic carbon (TOC) content, organo-micropetrographic framework, thermal maturity, carbon isotopic signature, biomarker composition, functional group studies and estimation of relative aliphaticity and aromaticity through Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The novelty of the present work lies in the application of multiple proxies such as stable isotope ratio of organic carbon (delta C-13), biomarker signatures, thermal maturity parameters, organo-micropetrography and estimation and quantification of functional groups for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and to assess the hydrocarbon productivity of the basin. A dominant terrestrial OM input in Barjora Basin is indicated by the TOC to total nitrogen ratio (C/N), delta C-13 and biomarker compositions. High gelification index (GI), tissue preservation index (TPI), and carbon preference index (CPI) values indicate that coals are deposited in wet swamp forest regime under high rainwater conditions and shales are formed in upper delta plain regime under high groundwater activity. In addition, large liptinite content, TPI and GI designate short transportation of the OM before burial leading to organic richness of the Barjora Basin. Moreover, high liptinite content, type II-III admixed kerogen input, S-2/S-3 ratio, TPI and index for hydrocarbon generation (I-HG) signify higher potential of the basin for hydrocarbon generation.
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| 44. |
- Nilsson, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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A Comparison of Species Richness and Traits of Riparian Plants between a Main River Channel and Its Tributaries
- 1994
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Ingår i: Journal of Ecology. - : JSTOR. - 0022-0477 .- 1365-2745. ; 82:2, s. 281-295
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Summary1 We examined differences in species richness and frequencies of vascular plants in the riverbank vegetation between the main channel of the Vindel River system and seven of its tributaries which spanned the same biogeographic range.2 Species richness per site was higher in the main channel than in the tributaries, both as a whole and for many species groups. The proportions of woody plants (phanerophytes and chamaephytes), geophytes, and natural species were higher in the tributaries, while the proportions of hemicryptophytes, ruderals, and short-floating species (i.e. species unable to float > 1 day) were higher in the main channel. Both types of river had species that were more than twice as frequent there than in the other category.3 The main channel had a high species richness at intermediate altitudes whereas the tributaries had least species at intermediate altitudes. Except for the highest altitudes, the tributaries also had a generally lower mean species richness than the main channel.4 Stepwise multiple regression analyses using 15 predictor variables explained stat- istically up to 85% of the floristic variation in the river system. Mean annual discharge and number of substrates explained most of the variation in five equations each, while peat cover explained most of the variation in four equations, and altitude and silt cover in one equation each. Mean annual discharge, peat cover and silt cover differed between the main channel and the tributaries and could therefore be responsible for the observed difference.
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| 45. |
- Nyberg, Gert, et al.
(författare)
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Respiration from C-3 plant green manure added to a C-4 plant carbon dominated soil
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 218:1-2, s. 83-89
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Application of tree leaves (C3 plants) on maize (Zea mays L.) (C4 plant) fields is an agroforestry management technology to restore or maintain soil fertility. The rate at which the tree leaves decompose is crucial for the nutrient supply to the crop. We studied the in situ decomposition of Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. leaves or C3 sugar for 4 – 8 days after application to a maize field in Kenya. By using the difference of around 10‰ in natural abundance of 13C between the endogenous soil C (mainly C4) and the applied C (C3), we could calculate the contributions of the two C sources to soil respiration. The δ13C value of the basal respiration was from –15.9 to –16.7‰. The microbial response to the additions of leaves and sugar to this tropical soil was immediate. Application of sesbania leaves gave an initial peak in respiration rates that lasted from one to less than 6 days, after which it levelled off and remained about 2 – 3 times higher (230–270 mg C m-2 h-1) than the control respiration rates throughout the rest of the experiment (5 – 8 days). In the sugar treatment, there was no initial peak in respiration rate. The respiration rate was 170 mg C m-2 h-1 after 4 days. At the end of the experiments, after 4–8 days, as much as 14–17% of the added C had been respired and about 60% of the total respiration was from the added sesbania leaves or C3 sugar. This non-destructive method allows repeated measurements of the actual rate of C mineralisation and facilitates decomposition studies with high temporal resolution in the field.
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| 46. |
- Nyberg, Gert, et al.
(författare)
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Short-term patterns of carbon and nitrogen mineralisation in a fallow field amended with green manures from agroforestry trees
- 2002
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Ingår i: Biology and Fertility of Soils. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0178-2762 .- 1432-0789. ; 36:1, s. 18-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mineralisation of green manure from agroforestry trees was monitored with the objective to compare the temporal dynamics of mineralisation of litter from different species. Green manures from five agroforestry tree species were used on a fallow field during the long rainy season of 1997 (March–August) and from two species in the following short rainy season (September–January) in western Kenya. Different methods, i.e. measurements of isotopic ratios of C in respired CO2 and of soil organic matter (SOM) fractions, soil inorganic N and mass loss from litterbags, were used in the field to study decomposition and C and N mineralisation. Soil respiration, with the separation of added C from old soil C by using the isotopic ratio of 13C/12C in the respired CO2, correlated well with extractable NH4 + in the soil. Mineralisation was high and very rapid from residues of Sesbania sesban of high quality [e.g. low ratio of (polyphenol+lignin)/N] and low and slow from low quality residues of Grevillea robusta. Ten days after application, 37% and 8% of the added C had been respired from Sesbania and Grevillea, respectively. Apparently, as much as 70–90% of the added C was respired in 40 days from high quality green manure. Weight losses of around 80%, from high quality residues in litterbags, also indicate substantial C losses and that a build-up of SOM is unlikely. For immediate effects on soil fertility, application of high quality green manure may, however, be a viable management option. To achieve synchrony with crop demand, caution is needed in management as large amounts of N are mineralised within a few days after application.
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| 47. |
- Ohlsson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Stable carbon isotope labelled carbon dioxide as tracer gas for air change rate measurement in a ventilated single zone
- 2017
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Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0360-1323 .- 1873-684X. ; 115, s. 173-181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon dioxide (CO2) has often been used as tracer gas for measurement of the air change rate l (h1 ) in buildings. In such measurements, a correction is required for the presence of indoor CO2, which commonly consists of atmospheric CO2 mixed with human respired CO2. Here, 13C isotope-labelled CO2 was employed as tracer gas, and cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) was used for simultaneous measurement of the two isotope analogues 12CO2 and 13CO2. This enabled the simultaneous measurement of the 13CO2 tracer gas, with correction for background 13CO2, and the concentration of indoor CO2, allowing for presence of occupants. The background correction procedure assumes that the isotope delta of the background indoor CO2 equals dB ¼ 19‰, based on the prior information that the carbon isotope ratio RB ¼ 13C/12C of all carbon in the bio-geosphere of earth is in the interval 0.010900 < RB < 0.011237. Evidence supported that l could be accurately measured, using the new 13CO2 tracer method, even when the background 13CO2 concentration varied during the measurement time interval, or when the actual dB value differed from the assumed value. The measurement uncertainty for l was estimated at 3%. Uncertainty in l due to uncertainty in RB, uRB(l), was estimated to increase with a decreasing amount of 13CO2 tracer. This indicated that at least 4 ppm tracer must be used, in order to obtain uRB(l)/l < 2%. The temporal resolution of the l measurement was 1.25/l h.
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| 48. |
- Ray, Sumit Kumar, et al.
(författare)
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Modern analogue to past coseismic ground uplift in North Andaman, India
- 2021
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Ingår i: Catena (Cremlingen. Print). - : Elsevier. - 0341-8162 .- 1872-6887. ; 205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dynamics of surface geological processes, triggered by coseismic ground uplift following the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (M-w > 9.2), provide a modern analogue for assessing the paleoseismic significance of an enigmatic subsurface peat occurrence within beach sands in the western coast of North Andaman Island. The megathrust earthquake uplifted vast stretches of coastal intertidal zones to supratidal levels. As a result, intertidal flora, including mangroves, desiccated and perished. Mass mortality of the flora continued even three years after the earthquake and generated a large volume of forest debris. Coastal waves pushed the debris to the high tide line where the accumulated debris would be gradually buried, and would subsequently transform into linear peat bodies keeping a record of the seismic event in 2004. Accordingly, we have interpreted a linear strand-parallel peat occurrence in beach sand as a record of earlier mass mortality of plants likely associated with a coseismic ground uplift. Stable isotope studies indicate that local intertidal flora is the source of the peat organic matter. Moreover, the 1817 CE calibrated mean AMS radiocarbon age of the peat suggests recurrence of a megathrust earthquake in the Andaman subduction zone about 200 years ago.
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| 49. |
- Rijk, Ingrid, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Biochar and peat amendments affect nitrogen retention, microbial capacity and nitrogen cycling microbial communities in a metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated urban soil
- 2024
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 936
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soil contaminants may restrict soil functions. A promising soil remediation method is amendment with biochar, which has the potential to both adsorb contaminants and improve soil health. However, effects of biochar amendment on soil-plant nitrogen (N) dynamics and N cycling microbial guilds in contaminated soils are still poorly understood. Here, a metal- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soil was amended with either biochar (0, 3, 6 % w/w) and/or peat (0, 1.5, 3 % w/w) in a full-factorial design and sown with perennial ryegrass in an outdoor field trial. After three months, N and the stable isotopic ratio δ15N was measured in soil, roots and leaves, along with microbial responses. Aboveground grass biomass decreased by 30 % and leaf N content by 20 % with biochar, while peat alone had no effect. Peat in particular, but also biochar, stimulated the abundance of microorganisms (measured as 16S rRNA gene copy number) and basal respiration. Microbial substrate utilization (MicroResp™) was altered differentially, as peat increased respiration of all carbon sources, while for biochar, respiration of carboxylic acids increased, sugars decreased, and was unaffected for amino acids. Biochar increased the abundance of ammonia oxidizing archaea, while peat stimulated ammonia oxidizing bacteria, Nitrobacter-type nitrite oxidizers and comB-type complete ammonia oxidizers. Biochar and peat also increased nitrous oxide reducing communities (nosZI and nosZII), while peat alone or combined with biochar also increased abundance of nirK-type denitrifiers. However, biochar and peat lowered leaf δ15N by 2-4 ‰, indicating that processes causing gaseous N losses, like denitrification and ammonia volatilization, were reduced compared to the untreated contaminated soil, probably an effect of biotic N immobilization. Overall, this study shows that in addition to contaminant stabilization, amendment with biochar and peat can increase N retention while improving microbial capacity to perform important soil functions.
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| 50. |
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