| 1. |
- Dervishaj, Arlind
(författare)
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Sunlight Autonomy for Sustainable Buildings and Cities : Maximizing daylight potential outdoors and indoors
- 2024
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Daylight, both outdoors and indoors, is essential for human well-being. However, daylight provision often faces challenges in various climates and locations, due to factors such as shortcomings in regulations, urban densification, deregulation or special exemptions, and the limitations of existing daylight and sunlight evaluation methods. To address these issues, we propose the Sunlight Autonomy, a new methodology and set of metrics, that aims to overcome the limitations of existing early-stage daylighting metrics and is valuable for urban planning and architectural design purposes.
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| 2. |
- Säwén, Toivo, 1993
(författare)
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Early Stage Architectural Design Practice Perspectives on Life Cycle Building Performance Assessment
- 2023
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Architectural practitioners can avoid negative social and environmental impacts of new construction by making decisions supported by impact quantification during design processes. However, most software tools developed for such quantification see little use in practice, especially in early design stages when decisions have the greatest influence. To identify ways for software developers to overcome this situation, a thorough literature meta-review of previously performed tool reviews was combined with interviews applying a practice lens. The first key finding is that a possible explanation for the low tool uptake in practice could be a missing practice perspective in previous tool development efforts. In a literature meta-review of publications on life cycle building performance tools identifying previously applied perspectives, most previous tool reviews were found to support tool development and selection, while disregarding how tools can be integrated in existing practices and design processes. As a proposed solution, a framework for defining software requirements using a practice perspective was developed. The second key finding is that a practice perspective could be applied during software development by implementing qualitative methodologies. Nine architectural practitioners in Sweden, Norway and France were interviewed using the interview to the double, a projective technique in which the interviewee is asked to describe their next workday in detail so that their tasks can be assumed by an imagined body double. The design activities described by the respondents were sequenced into user narratives which could serve as starting points for participatory software development processes within the architectural practice. The outcomes - a proposed framework for practice-centric software requirements, and a proposed methodology for collecting these requirements using a practice lens - indicate a research direction toward software development efforts which aligns with design process, architectural practice, and tool user needs. In the next stage of the research this direction will be pursued through application of the developed methodologies in participatory development case studies in early-stage architectural design practice.
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| 3. |
- Ståhle, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Designguide för Smarta gator
- 2022
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Designguiden för smarta gator konkretiserar hur de fyra megatrenderna urbanisering, digitalisering, samhällsförändringar och miljöförändringar leder till nya krav och utformningsprinciper för framtidens gator. Guiden är tänkt att fungera som en inspiration och ett underlag för att förnya svensk gatupolicy på nationell, regional och kommunal nivå.Guiden innehåller utöver en inledning följande kapitel: en historisk tillbakablick (gatans utveckling), gatans användning, gatans delar, gatans design, designprocessen, guidens genomförande.
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| 4. |
- Volchko, Yevheniya, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Subsurface planning: Towards a common understanding of the subsurface as a multifunctional resource
- 2020
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Ingår i: Land Use Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In response to powerful trends in technology, resource and land supply and demand, socioeconomics and geopolitics, cities are likely to increase use of the subsurface in the near future. Indeed, the subsurface and its appropriate use have been put forward as being of crucial importance if we are to achieve resilient and sustainable cities. In recent years, quite apart from being seen primarily as a construction basis to provide physical space for infrastructure and to create a better surface living environment, the subsurface has been recognised as a multifunctional natural resource, one which provides physical space, water, energy, materials, habitats for ecosystems, support for surface life, and a repository for cultural heritage and geological archives. Currently, the subsurface is often utilised according to the “first-come-first-served” principle, which hinders possibilities to take strategic decisions on prioritisation and optimisation of competing subsurface uses, as well as fair inter- and intragenerational distribution of limited natural resources. Taking a broad international perspective, this paper investigates the subsurface as a multifunctional resource from five focal points: (1) what professionals with different backgrounds mean when using different terms related to the subsurface; (2) how professionals describe the subsurface and its multiple resources, functions and services; (3) how planning of subsurface use is supported in policy and regulations; (4) how the subsurface is included in the planning process; and (5) frameworks that can support decision-making on responsible use of the subsurface. The study reveals that the subsurface must be recognised (not only by scientists but also by decision- and policy-makers and other stakeholders) as a precious and multifunctional resource requiring careful planning and sensitive management in accordance with its potential and its value to society. Utilisation of the different subsurface functions to yield services requires careful planning and a framework to support decision-makers in achieving a balance between utilisation and preservation, and between the subsurface functions themselves in the case of outright utilisation. Further, to facilitate the necessary change towards transdisciplinary work settings in the planning process and form a platform for knowledge exchange and capacity building, there is an urgent need for a common language, i.e. mutually understandable terminology, and a common understanding, i.e. an all-inclusive view on the subsurface as a complex multifunctional resource.
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| 5. |
- Dervishaj, Arlind, et al.
(författare)
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Sunlight Autonomy for Buildings: A New Methodology for Evaluating Sunlight Performance in Urban and Architectural Design
- 2024
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Ingår i: LEUKOS The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1550-2724 .- 1550-2716. ; , s. 1-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to urbanization and growing density in cities in the past century, metrics were introduced to assess daylight performance such as minimum sunlight hours and the daylight factor. The paper initially explores the shortcomings of early-stage daylight and sunlight evaluation methods. A novel methodology called Sunlight Autonomy (SA) is proposed for evaluating sunlight performance in buildings. The SA is based on the “Exposure to sunlight” criteria in EN 170307 “Daylight in Buildings,” where a computational method is used for the evaluation on a specified day. The SA concept expands the analysis temporally over the entire year, and spatially on building facades, leading to new metrics for a point of evaluation, and spatial metrics for buildings. The SA methodology is analyzed in a case study across four European cities. The SA metrics on facades between February 1st and March 21st, days in EN 17037, led to differences up to 63%. This revealed a significant shortcoming in EN 17037, relevant for Nordic regions. The differences of spatial metrics between March 21st and 50% of the year were within 5%, and up to 33% between February 1st and 75% of the year. The timestep affects the metrics and a window evaluation showed that the error of a 10-minute analysis was within 5% of daily insolation and 5 days for the annual SA. The potential of these metrics for urban planning and the architectural design process is examined. The interaction between SA and EN 17037, as well as other ongoing research developments, is discussed.
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| 6. |
- Hellwig, Runa T., et al.
(författare)
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The potential of the adaptive thermal comfort concept in long-term actively conditioned buildings for improved energy performance and user wellbeing
- 2020
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Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. - : IOP Publishing. - 1755-1307 .- 1755-1315. ; 588:3
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Technological progress in conditioning practice combined with prevailing thermal comfort criteria, created stable, tightly controlled indoor temperature bands. Research shows indoor temperatures to be increasing in the heating period, leading to higher building energy use than planned. Field studies provide proof that occupants not in control of their indoor climate are more dissatisfied and report problems in wellbeing. Widening temperature bands could be an effective measure leading to energy conservation, increasing satisfaction and, as shown recently, helping to mitigate health problems related to our way of life. The adaptive approach to thermal comfort postulates that people's thermal comfort perception adapts to the indoor and outdoor climatic conditions they normally experience. However, according to standards, the adaptive model is applicable only to passively conditioned (free-running) buildings, even though the adaptive principles may well apply also to actively conditioned buildings. Our review found studies demonstrating positive health effects and energy conservation potential in permanently or seasonally conditioned buildings. On this basis, the potential of the adaptive approach and translations into concrete design or operation solutions for actively conditioned buildings are discussed in this paper. We conclude that the adaptive concept offers a potential for indoor climate control in actively conditioned buildings in the temperate and cold climates.
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| 7. |
- Jockwer, Robert, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Design for adaption - making timber buildings ready for circular use and extended service life
- 2021
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Ingår i: World Conference on Timber Engineering 2021, WCTE 2021.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of timber and the implementation of the concept of circularity in the process of the construction of buildings potentially has a high sustainability impact, both from the perspective of material and construction technique. The three most effective ways to ensure the benefit of the circularity in the building sector in general are (1) maintain the service life of structures and buildings materials as long as possible to avoid unnecessary emissions and costs for demolition and reconstruction (2) conserve the quality of materials as long as possible to avoid unnecessary emissions and costs for the replacement and processing of new materials and (3) recycle and repurpose only the parts and materials which cannot function any more for technical and/or socio-cultural reasons. In this paper an approach is discussed towards a more sustainable built environment by making buildings adaptable to the changes of demands and requirements to building functions and thus leading to an extended use of buildings in a maximum of life cycles. This design for adaption may enhance economic, social and environmental benefits to various stakeholders and key players related to the building process, i.e. developers, building owners, users, municipality and others.
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| 8. |
- Johansson, Pär, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Aerogelbaserad puts för energieffektivisering av äldre och kulturhistoriskt värdefulla byggnader (webinar)
- 2021
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna webinar i samarbete med Energimyndighetens program Spara och Bevara introduceras aerogelbaserad puts och vi beskriver hur materialet kan bidra till renovering och energieffektivisering. I webinariet presenteras också helt färska forskningsresultat. Många äldre byggnader är svåra att renovera för att uppnå en god energibesparing. Detta gäller speciellt för kulturhistoriska byggnader där det finns begränsningar i möjliga praktiska och tekniska lösningar. Byggnadernas karaktärsdrag, begränsningar i tillåten väggtjocklek i bygglov och risker for fuktrelaterade skador är bara några exempel. I ett forskningsprojekt på Chalmers studeras en ny typ av isolerande puts. Denna puts är baserad på aerogelpartiklar som möjliggör fler tekniska lösningar vid renovering och energieffektivisering än konventionell puts. Aerogelbaserad puts är kalk- eller cementbaserad och innehåller aerogel som är ett superisolerande material. Dess värmekonduktivitet är under 0,020 W/m·K, ungefär hälften av mineralullsisolering. Aerogelpartiklarna ger den aerogelbaserade putsen isolerande egenskaper jämförbara med konventionella isoleringsmaterial. Förutom bättre isolerande egenskaper jämfört med vanlig puts är den aerogelbaserade putsen fuktdiffusionsöppen och har en hög fuktkapacitet. Detta är fördelaktiga egenskaper för att uppnå en fuktsäker konstruktion. Aerogelbaserad puts kan vara en del av lösningen på utmaningarna för att renovera kulturhistoriska byggnader, utan att förvanska utseendet, samtidigt som tjockleken på isoleringen kan minska. Nu utvärderas materialet ur värme- och fuktsynpunkt för användning i svenska byggnader och klimatförhållanden.
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Pär, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Interior insulation using super insulation materials: saving energy and space
- 2020
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Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. - : IOP Publishing. - 1755-1307 .- 1755-1315. ; 588:5
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interior insulation can be used in buildings where the exterior characteristics may not be altered due to cultural heritage protection. This is common for many buildings in Sweden from the period before 1941. Energy efficiency, thermal comfort and building performance are all affected by an interior insulation. Super insulation materials present novel opportunities to save both energy and space. The aim of this study is to investigate the benefits and drawbacks of using super insulation materials as interior insulation. A field study building was investigated for feasibility, which, together with interviews with professionals in the field of architecture, cultural heritage and building consultants, give a general overview. In conclusion, there are both benefits and drawbacks with interior insulation. Super insulation provides increased flexibility in terms of interior detailing and possibility to preserve characteristic elements. On building level interior super insulation could reduce the energy use by up to 20%. This gives energy savings of 0.5 TWh on national level and a reduction of 0.7% of the total CO2 emissions for heating the Swedish building stock. A drawback is that there are few examples and little experience from building with super insulation materials among both architects and other decision makers.
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| 10. |
- Karim, Ali Naman, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Aerogelbaserad puts- Superisolering för framtiden
- 2020
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Ingår i: Husbyggaren. ; :6, s. 8-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I ett forskningsprojekt på Chalmers studeras en aerogelbaserad puts med mycket bra isolerande egenskaper. Förhoppningen är att användningen av den så kallade superisolerande putsen ska bidra till att minska byggsektorns energianvändning, både för existerande och nya byggnader. Superisolerande puts kan, förutom att spara energi, dessutom resultera i funktionella väggar med mindre tjocklek. Detta bidrar i sin tur till att öka mängden uthyrningsbar golvyta inomhus, yta som annars skulle tagits upp av väggens isolering. I denna artikel vill vi informera om vad vi planerar att göra i projektet och berätta om den superisolerande putsens egenskaper.
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| 11. |
- Karim, Ali Naman, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Super insulation plasters in renovation of buildings in Sweden: energy efficiency and possibilities with new building materials
- 2020
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Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. - : IOP Publishing. - 1755-1307 .- 1755-1315. ; 588:4
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Super insulation plasters are new and high energy efficient plasters mixed with aerogel particles. Aerogel is a porous and low-density material with very low thermal conductivity compared to the traditional insulation materials. Today, approximately 27% of Sweden’s multi-family houses have a plaster façade. Plaster is commonly used in many other European countries as well. In this paper, numerical simulations are utilized to estimate the total magnitude of energy and CO2 emissions that can be saved annually in Sweden by using super insulation plasters. In additional, possibilities and challenges in conjunction with the introduction of new techniques and materials in the building sector have been addressed, through interviews and literature review. The annual energy use and CO2 emissions can be reduced by 74±48 GWh and 1000 ±600 ton respectively if 10% of Sweden’s multi-family houses are externally insulated by super insulation plaster. Based on the interviews it is evident that distinct information and documentation about a new building material, concerning the material properties and long-termperformance, needs to be provided by the producer before usage of the material on industrial scale. Another important issue is the cost of a new technique and that it has to be economically motivated. Implementation of the super insulation plaster in Swedish buildings can contribute to achieving the sustainable development goals numbers 7, 8 and 9 by 2030, by increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and productivity on construction sites.
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| 12. |
- Larsson, Clara, et al.
(författare)
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Visualizing Invisible Environmental Data in VR: Development and Implementation of Design Concepts for Communicating Urban Air Quality in a Virtual City Model
- 2023
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Ingår i: Communications in Computer and Information Science Volume 1819 CCIS, Pages 253 - 267. - : Springer. - 1865-0929 .- 1865-0937. ; , s. 253-267
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As cities continue to grow, the desire to combine densification with sustainability and greenery may present a challenge to air quality, resulting from reduced ventilation caused by dense buildings and vegetation. To support the careful urban planning required, effective and interactive tools that can visualize and communicate information about air quality to stakeholders are essential. In a transdisciplinary research project aiming to explore such visualizations a prototype pedagogical virtual reality tool was developed, allowing users to explore the impact of aspects of the built environment upon urban air quality. The tool was evaluated with adolescents in upper secondary school through interviews and observations, as well as with the general public through a questionnaire study. This paper provides insights, potential solutions, and initial assessments relevant to data visualization in 3D and immersive analytics in urban planning and stakeholder communication. Identified challenges include difficulties with color association and data distinguishability, and as well as tool complexity relating to the many features requested by experts involved in a transdisciplinary project.
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| 13. |
- Stephen, Jake, et al.
(författare)
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Internal thermal environment and futureproofing of a newly built, naturally ventilated UK school
- 2020
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Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. - : IOP Publishing. - 1755-1307 .- 1755-1315. ; 588:3
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research indicates that school children have lower comfort levels than adults and this exacerbates the challenge of tackling the risks of summer overheating in schools without resorting to air conditioning. UN SDG 13 calls for climate action to strengthen the resilience of our cities and reduce the impact of climate change. In this work, a modern, naturally ventilated school in Southampton, UK was used to evaluate single, "hard", passive retrofit measures and "soft", building management solutions that could increase the wellbeing of students and reduce current and future demand for cooling. The school was selected as it represents the current standardised design guidance for schools released in 2012 by the Department of Education (DfE). The research presents air temperature observations collected during the summer of 2015. Dynamic thermal modelling was undertaken to evaluate passive retrofit and "soft" solutions to reduce the overheating risk. The model was validated with temperature data collected from the school classrooms. The results indicate that (a) such school buildings have high likelihood of overheating, based on children's comfort temperatures and (b) passive retrofits focused on shading and ventilation could help to reduce the classroom temperature when required. It is recommended that "soft" adaptive solutions will prove effective to reduce future air conditioning demand, but this will require a radical change in established practices. Achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 will require to rethink and redesign urban living and city infrastructures.
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| 14. |
- Teli, Despoina, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Teaching the concept of adaptive thermal comfort in building design education
- 2020
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Ingår i: 16th Conference of the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate: Creative and Smart Solutions for Better Built Environments, Indoor Air 2020.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traditional building design education in the disciplines of building services, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, etc. focusses on quantifiable factors, i.e. factors which can be subject of calculation, simulation and dimensioning. Since non-quantifiable factors are not part of calculation or simulation models, there is a tendency that they are not adequately considered in education and, as a result, in building planning and operation. In the case of human thermal comfort, building professionals are required to understand the mechanisms and impact of non-quantifiable factors related to human thermal comfort and health, most of which are part of the adaptive thermal comfort concept. This paper identifies the challenges in teaching the concept of adaptive thermal comfort through a collection of lived experiences of the authors. The paper then proposes appropriate intended learning outcomes and teaching methods to equip students with the background knowledge, understanding and skills required to consider human adaptation in their designs. It is widely accepted that integrated design is a precondition for a building design that functions well, offers sufficient comfort for their users and can be operated in a sustainable way. Integrated building design requires that different disciplines work closely together and understand and respect their different focus areas and languages. Herein the case of human thermal comfort requires engineers who understand the mechanisms and impact of non-quantifiable factors on human well-being indoors. Within the work of Annex 69: “Strategy and practice of adaptive thermal comfort in low energy buildings” we developed a framework and a guideline for adopting adaptive thermal comfort principles in design and operation of buildings, which may serve as a complementary tool in an integrated design process and inclusion of adaptive thermal comfort in education.
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| 15. |
- Johansson, Mikael, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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KAN VR FÖRBÄTTRA KUNSKAPSÅTERFÖRING FRÅN PRODUKTIONEN UNDER PROJEKTERING?
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med detta projekt har varit att studera och utvärdera hur ett VR (Virtual Reality)- gränssnitt till BIM-modellen kan användas för att bättre och mer effektivt involvera och ta tillvara på produktionspersonalens kunskap redan under projekteringsfasen. Enkelt sett har grundtanken varit att låta personal med erfarenhet från produktionen "identifiera/lösa/hantera problem virtuellt – INNAN de når byggarbetsplatsen". VR-tekniken har studerats och utvärderats på sex olika arbetsplatser/projekt där projektering och produktion har pågått parallellt. Som metod har intervjuer, enkätundersökning, samt observationer används. Resultatet från studien visar att det finns stora möjligheter med – och i viss mån också ett behov av – att låta personal från produktionen använda VR-teknik för granskning, planering, och arbetsberedning. Genom att involvera och ta tillvara på produktionspersonalens kunskap och insikter har flertalet problem eller mindre bra lösningar upptäckts och hanterats, innan dessa har nått det faktiska utförandet. I vissa fall har det rört sig om rena projekteringsmissar, medans det i andra fall har handlat om ändrad arbetsordning mellan discipliner, eller alternativa lösningar som passat framdriften bättre. När det gäller VR tekniken som sådan är det framförallt det faktum att modellen betraktas i skala 1:1 som lyfts fram och många kommentarer är kopplade till hur storlek, utrymmen, och detaljer, ges en helt annan förståelse och känsla för än när modellen granskas på vanlig skärm. Vidare visade det sig att möjligheten att vara flera användare i en och samma VR[1]modell, s.k. multi-user läge, hade väldigt positiva effekter på förståelse och kommunikation mellan deltagarna. Multi-user gör det dessutom möjligt för deltagarna att koppla upp sig från vitt skilda platser, vilket spås underlätta den här typen av möten med deltagare från både projektering och produktion. Sammantaget kan det konstateras att VR definitivt har möjlighet att förbättra kunskapsåterföring från produktionen under projektering. Studien ger många exempel på problem, utmaningar, och mindre bra lösningar som kan upptäckas – men även hur man kan hitta bättre och mer produktionsanpassade lösningar – och visar tydligt att VR[1]tekniken har ett värde och är mogen för att användas kontinuerligt i skarpa projekt. Dock finns det idag fortfarande hinder och utmaningar när det gäller att göra tekniken fullt tillgänglig för alla i ett projekt, och här spås en ny generation av fristående VR-headset att öppna upp för bättre möjligheter.
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| 16. |
- Kiamili, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Detailed Assessment of Embodied Carbon of HVAC Systems for a New Office Building Based on BIM
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 12:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global shift towards embodied carbon reduction in the building sector has indicated the need for a detailed analysis of environmental impacts across the whole lifecycle of buildings. The environmental impact of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems has rarely been studied in detail. Most of the published studies are based on assumptions and rule of thumb techniques. In this study, the requirements and methods to perform a detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) for HVAC systems based on building information modelling (BIM) are assessed and framed for the first time. The approach of linking external product data information to objects using visual programming language (VPL) is tested, and its benefits over the existing workflows are presented. The detailed BIM model of a newly built office building in Switzerland is used as a case study. In addition, detailed project documentation is used to ensure the plausibility of the calculated impact. The LCA results show that the embodied impact of the HVAC systems is three times higher than the targets provided by the Swiss Energy Efficiency Path (SIA 2040). Furthermore, it is shown that the embodied impact of HVAC systems lies in the range of 15–36% of the total embodied impact of office buildings. Nevertheless, further research and similar case studies are needed to provide a robust picture of the embodied environmental impact of HVAC systems. The results could contribute to setting stricter targets in line with the vision of decarbonization of the building sector.
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| 17. |
- Femenias, Paula, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Om-renovering: Möjligheter för energieffektivisering och återskapande av kulturvärden när flerbostadshus renoveras på nytt
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Projektet har undersökt möjligheterna att återskapa estetiska och historiska karaktärsdrag av flerbostadshus som blivit förändrade i samband med tidigare energisparprogram samtidigt som nya energieffektiviseringar kan genomföras, en process som vi valt att kalla för om-renovering. En om-renovering skapar möjligheter för energieffektivisering men också att uppnå mål om en god bebyggd och gestaltad livsmiljö. Projektet har studerat om-renovering ur ett helhetsperspektiv vilket inkluderat energibesparingar, arkitektur och kulturvärden, genomförbarhet samt sociala värden. Studien har fokuserat på flerbostadshus uppförda före 1946 i Göteborg. Flera metoder och angreppsätt har använts i fyra delstudier. En första delstudie var en inventering av ungefär en tredjedel av flerbostadshusen uppförda före 1946 i Göteborg. Målet var att undersöka hur husen har renoverats och deras status idag, med fokus på yttre synliga ändringar. Till inventeringen lades information från energideklarationer om energiprestanda vilket gjort det möjligt att undersöka samband mellan energiprestanda och renoveringar. Inventeringen visar att det är svårt att fastställa generella samband mellan tidigare renoveringar och energiprestanda med de sammanställda data. Slutsatsen är att inventeringar på fastighets- eller byggnadsnivå är nödvändiga för att ta rätt beslut vid nya energieffektiviseringar. I en andra delstudie gjordes fallstudier av fyra fastigheter med landshövdingehus, tre som omrenoverats och en som genomgått en första större renovering. Fallstudierna beskriver motiv för återställande av träfasader och ambitioner för energibesparingar. Det finns inga krav på återställande vid bygglov. De motiv som framkommer pekar istället på ekonomiska och estetiska drivkrafter för om-renoveringar. Energieffektivisering var bara ett uttalat mål i ett fall och energibesparingarna blev lägre än vad som krävs för att uppnå våra svenska energimål. Om-renoveringarna är en kompromiss mellan vad som uppfattats som estetiskt tilltalande och vad som varit ekonomiskt eller tekniskt genomförbart. Översyn från myndighetshåll av energieffektiviseringar och kulturvärden framstår som bristfällig. En tredje delstudie har studerat de boendes syn på kulturvärden i boendemiljön i tre av de ovan nämnda fallen. Studien visar ett statistiskt samband mellan trivsel och uppskattning av kulturvärden. De boende känner till sitt hus’ historia och uppskattar den. En del boende, särskilt de som bott länge på samma ställe, har en egen relation till husets och områdets historia. För andra, här representerat av flera yngre som bor i en äldre fastighet, är äktheten inte lika viktig vid ett återskapande som atmosfären. Slutligen, i en fjärde delstudie undersöktes energi- och klimatpåverkan från om-renoveringen i en av fallstudierna. Studien pekar på att återbetalningstiden för den inbyggda energi- och klimatpåverkan är strax under 25 år och därmed kortare än livslängden för material och komponenter som använts (om renoveringen antas ha en livslängd på 50 år). En jämförelse mellan en återställd träfasad och en fasad med moderna fibercementplattor är till träfasadens fördel ur ett klimatperspektiv men inte vad gäller inbyggd energi. Rapporten avslutas med rekommendationer för konsulter, fastighetsägare och handläggare på kommuner och andra myndigheter som arbetar med frågor kring om-renovering.
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| 18. |
- Säwén, Toivo, 1993, et al.
(författare)
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Critical perspectives on life cycle building performance assessment tool reviews
- 2024
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Ingår i: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. - 1879-0690 .- 1364-0321. ; 197:7, s. 114407-
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the environmental, social, and economic benefits of integrating quantitative analysis in early architectural design stages, tools developed for this purpose see little use in practice. This meta-review provides an overview of eighty-seven tool reviews in the field of life cycle building performance assessment to identify best practices and remaining gaps. It is found that most previous reviews emphasise technological advancement rather than tool integration in practice, by failing to apply the perspective of tool users in design processes. It is further found that the reviews mostly lack consistent methodologies. To bridge these gaps, it is proposed that future tool evaluation studies define a clear target user and investigate tools based on how they perform in real-world design processes. A tool characterisation framework based on the approaches in previous reviews is proposed to facilitate such investigations.
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| 19. |
- Frihart, Charles R., et al.
(författare)
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Joining and Reassembling of Wood
- 2023
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Ingår i: Springer Handbooks. - 2522-8692 .- 2522-8706. ; , s. 707-791
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Commonly the raw material round timber is reduced into smaller parts such as solid wood boards, sheets of veneer, strands, particles, and fibers for further manufacturing and processing. In following steps, the single wooden pieces are joined together by adhesive bonding to achieve the final structures such as various types of wood laminations or wood-based panels. This chapter describes the various mechanical connecting and adhesive bonding solutions. Different mechanical connector systems are introduced in theory and practice. A major part of the chapter is dedicated to wood adhesion and the basic aspects of the wood-adhesive interactions. Various adhesive types, their chemistries, morphologies, and their processes of solidification and curing are introduced, and additionally their utility in wood bonding is emphasized. Different methods of assessing and testing bond strength are also presented. Linear-friction wood welding, as an innovative approach for bonding, which is not yet fully established in practice, is also described. Pressing processes are indispensable in the various adhesive bonding processes of wood in order to produce wood-based materials from veneers, particles, and fibers. Different basic pressing types and press processes are given and are discussed with respect to their application.
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| 20. |
- Norrman, Jenny, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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New dimensions in Swedish planning - an investigation of subsurface planning and geosystem services
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The subsurface is a precious, multifunctional and finite resource that should be managed in accordance with its full potential and its value to society. It can be used for a wide variety of purposes, which are not always compatible, and short-term use can conflict with long-term use and future possibilities. In Sweden, as well as in many countries worldwide, the “first-come-first-served” principle applies to getting access to the resources in the subsurface, compromising fair inter- and intragenerational distributions of these resources, and sustainable development. This report summarises the outcomes of the research project Sustainable use of underground space (SUB), financed by the Swedish research Council Formas and BeFo Rock Engineering Research Foundation. The aim of the project has been to investigate how subsurface dimensions can be integrated in urban planning processes and legislation, as well as proposing a framework for sustainable planning and use of the subsurface. The report contains a list of words and terminology used in relation to subsurface planning. The term subsurface planning is here defined as both a) consideration of subsurface conditions in surface planning, as well as b) making strategic considerations regarding the use of the subsurface in terms of use for construction purposes, or other types of subsurface resources. Chapter 1 introduces the background to the project and describes the methods used in the studies within the project. The methods used are a systematic literature review; a document and interview study of Swedish practice on inclusion of subsurface aspects in planning of a number of underground projects; a review of legislation and policy relevant to subsurface planning; and a pilot study for method development and for an inventory of resources in the subsurface. Chapter 2 summarises the role of geoscience in society, and specifically in spatial planning. This includes uncertainties in the parameters that are used to describe geological, thermal, hydrogeological, mechanical, chemical and biological properties of soil and rock, as well as exemplifying databases and base line studies that can be used in comprehensive planning. Chapter 3 places the subsurface as a multifunctional resource in an international context. A literature review reveals a need to bridge communication and knowledge gaps by appropriate subsurface information, easily conveyable in the appropriate format and at the right time, in a balanced quantity and quality. Information on regulations and policies for subsurface use is limited and fragmented in literature, although the interest in, and use of, the subsurface, have significantly increased in the last two decades. Chapter 4 gives an overview of Swedish subsurface planning from the 1970s to 2020. As early as 1975, at the inaugural annual meeting of the International Tunneling Association (ITA), the term subsurface planning was introduced. A pioneering Swedish study that was already ongoing at that point, aimed at providing the basis for legal regulations on responsibility for planning of subsurface use in spatial planning processes. In the past 40 years, a number of studies have been carried out in Sweden to support the development of a strategic subsurface planning. The chapter also provides a short description of two contemporary national projects “HUMP” and “Eko-Geokalkyl” which have contributed to a better integration of subsurface aspects in planning processes. Chapter 5 provides an overview of the development of the planning legislation in Sweden and explains contemporary Swedish planning legislation and policy that have implications on the subsurface. The overview includes planning and other related laws from 1600s to 2000s. The chapter provides a detailed description of the role of the Planning and Building Act (2010:305), the Environmental Code (1998:808), the Road Act (1971:948), the Construction of Railways Act (1995:1649), the Expropriation Act (1972:719), the Historic Environment Act (1988:950), the Protection of Essential Facilities Act (2010:305), as well as environmental policies in planning processes. Chapter 6 discusses subsurface usage in Sweden, and how the legislation is applied in spatial planning. Focus is on the Planning and Building Act, and the interaction between planning levels for which the local councils are responsible. A description of national projects that aim for digitalisation of the planning process is included. Also, other legislation that impacts the subsurface is discussed, related to e.g. construction of roads and railways, cultural heritage, energy, water and sewage systems, waste management, subsurface structures that are classified. Chapter 7 presents a pilot study, Flatås, which is an area located in Gothenburg, South-West Sweden. The pilot study aimed at mapping subsurface resources, investigating potential opportunities and conflicts between uses of these resources, and developing a proposal for how the collected data can be used in a detailed comprehensive planning of the area. Various subsurface qualities, divided into provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural qualities, were used for a systematic inventory and mapping of subsurface resources. The inventory and mapping results were summarised thematically (Water, Energy, Waste, Transport and communication, Constructions, Green infrastructure, Cultural heritage, and Contamination) for better communication of findings to planners. The concept of geosystem services is introduced to form a solid basis for communication of subsurface values and qualities. Chapter 8 outlines and describes the identified barriers for achieving a holistic subsurface planning in Sweden. The subsurface is rarely addressed in Swedish legislation or policy documents. Existing data and knowledge about the subsurface conditions is not thoroughly used in the early planning processes. Instead, data collection and sometimes additional investigations are usually performed late in the planning process, when many decisions are already made, causing plans to be overly costly or cause unintended restrictions on developments. In addition, many different competences are involved in the planning process, but there is no common understanding or terminology to bridge the communication gap between different professions, which may impede a holistic approach. In contrast to the planning of built environments above ground, there is a lack of comprehensive subsurface planning, and instead issues related to the subsurface are handled in different sectors. There is a lack of knowledge on the subsurface compared to the vast base line studies that often exists for built environments above ground and as a result, the first-come-first-served principles applies. In addition, there is no archival institution responsible for collection of geoscientific data, and some information may be confidential. Chapter 9 presents the developed SUB-matrix (matrix for supporting Sustainable Use of the suBsurface), which aims to support a systematic inventory of geosystem services in the municipal planning processes. The SUB-matrix is developed specifically for the Swedish planning system taking different panning levels into consideration: national, regional, transport and municipal planning. In turn, the municipal level consists of comprehensive, detailed comprehensive and detailed development planning sub-levels as well as the permission process sub-level. The SUB-matrix is a comprehensive checklist of geosystem services with identification of the relevant planning level for their inventory and a summary of the relevant information sources to support the inventory process. The tool highlights potential conflicts between geosystem services. For most use of the SUB-matrix, the information inside the matrix should be adapted to each specific municipality. The matrix is available via a web link (https://www.befoonline.org/publikationer/r-214__2384). Chapter 10 presents a proposal of five principles that supports sustainable planning, both above and below ground, and can be applied on different scales, from areas to specific projects. These principles are: 1) Fitness-for-use - use the surface and subsurface resources for the function they are most fit for, 2) Alternative uses – consider if existing underground constructions and structures can be transformed to meet new needs and demands, 3) Think in 3D – investigate whether the desired development can be placed above or below ground, 4) Optimise - investigate if new functions can be added to existing and planned structures, and 5) Flexibility - design new underground structures for a flexible use to meet new demands and future needs. Application of the principles is exemplified using examples retrieved from the literature review, the study of planning praxis and the pilot study carried out in the project. Chapter 11 suggests a number of solutions and ways forward that can support the achievement of a sustainable subsurface planning in Sweden. The geosystem services concept should be clarified and introduced, as a complement to the ecosystem services concept, to support subsurface use in accordance with its full potential and its value to society. The planning processes must be strengthened, and a ‘comprehensive subsurface plan’ – that corresponds with local councils’ comprehensive plans regulated by the Planning and Building Act – should be introduced as a tool for sustainable use of subsurface resources. Principles for how to balance different uses of the subsurface is suggested to be developed in comprehensive plans. A national database, where relevant geoscientific data is collected, should be created making this information accessible for the public. Legislation and policy documents should be developed in order to more clearly address subsurface planning. Chapter 12 summarises the main conclusions of this pro
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| 21. |
- de Wolf, Catherine, et al.
(författare)
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Database of Embodied Quantity Outputs: Lowering Material Impacts Through Engineering
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Architectural Engineering. - 1076-0431. ; 26:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current studies and performance labels focus mainly on the operational energy demand of buildings due to heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, and hot water, but they rarely account for embodied impacts. Performing a life cycle assessment (LCA) on an entire building structure, let alone a building, requires time and data, both of which are often lacking for practitioners in the construction industry. Limited knowledge on the embodied carbon equivalent of building structures led to the benchmarking effort of the database of embodied quantity outputs (DEQO), developed by the first author over the last 6 years in close collaboration with industry and academia. DEQO collects material quantities for existing buildings in a robust way directly from industry. This paper presents the lessons learned from this database to define the next steps for structural engineers to lower the environmental impacts related to the material quantities in their projects. To create confidence and comparability in the results, recommendations are given such as implementing uncertainty analysis into practice to avoid inaccurate comparisons with a false sense of precision.
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| 22. |
- Dervishaj, Arlind
(författare)
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From Sustainability to Regeneration : a digital framework with BIM and computational design methods
- 2023
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Ingår i: Architecture, Structures and Construction. - : Springer Nature. - 2730-9886 .- 2730-9894. ; 3:3, s. 315-336
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Design methods, frameworks, and green building certifications have been developed to create a sustainable built environment. Despite sustainability advancements, urgent action remains necessary due to climate change and the high impact of the built environment. Regenerative Design represents a shift from current practices focused on reducing environmental impacts, as it aims to generate positive effects on both human and natural systems. Although digital design methods are commonly employed in sustainable design practice and research, there is presently no established framework to guide a digital regenerative design process. This study provides an analysis of existing literature on regenerative design and digital design methods and presents a framework based on building information modelling (BIM) methodology and computational design methods, that can be applied to both urban and building design. This framework identifies digital tools and organizes indicators based on the pillars of climate, people, and nature for regenerative design, drawing upon a comprehensive analysis of literature, including standards, sustainability frameworks and research studies. The framework is illustrated through a case study evaluation. The paper also highlights the potential and limitations of digital methods concerning regenerative design and suggests possibilities for future expansion by incorporating additional quantifiable indicators that reflect research developments, to achieve positive outcomes.
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| 23. |
- Dervishaj, Arlind, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling Precast Concrete for a Circular Economy in the Built Environment : Level of Information Need guidelines for digital design and collaboration
- 2023
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Ingår i: eCAADe 2023. - Brussels, Graz : Graz University of Technology Faculty of Architecture. ; , s. 177-186
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, there has been a growing interest in adopting circular approaches in the built environment, specifically reusing existing buildings or their components in new projects. To achieve this, drawings, laser scanning, photogrammetry and other techniques are used to capture data on buildings and their materials. Although previous studies have explored scan-to-BIM workflows, automation of 2D drawings to 3D models, and machine learning for identifying building components and materials, a significant gap remains in refining this data into the right level of information required for digital twins, to share information and for digital collaboration in designing for reuse. To address this gap, this paper proposes digital guidelines for reusing precast concrete based on the level of information need (LOIN) standard EN 17412-1:2020 and examines several CAD and BIM modelling strategies. These guidelines can be used to prepare digital templates that become digital twins of existing elements, develop information requirements for use cases, and facilitate data integration and sharing for a circular built environment.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Jockwer, Robert, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of parameters influencing the load-deformation behaviour of connections with laterally loaded dowel-type fasteners
- 2022
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Ingår i: Wood Material Science and Engineering. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-0272 .- 1748-0280. ; 17:1, s. 6-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Connections made with laterally loaded dowel-type fasteners are important details in timber structures. According to Eurocode 5, their load-carrying capacity can be calculated with the so-called European Yield Model (EYM) and simplified rules for the determination of slip-moduli are given. The slip modulus is given as a mean value for the serviceability limit state and a simple reduction of slip modulus in the ultimate limit state is given in addition. Despite these simple regulations, it is well known that connections with dowel-type fasteners show a considerable non-linear load-deformation behaviour with different degrees of ductility. This ductility can enable the load redistribution in complex and statically undetermined structures and allow to achieve higher capacities compared to linear elastic design. In the paper, the deformation behaviour of connections with laterally loaded dowels dowel-type fasteners is studied based on more than 750 test results of bolted connections. The parameters influencing the slip-modulus, ductility ratio, and ultimate deformation are evaluated. It is focused on the effects of these parameters and the resulting variability in deformation behaviour. Recommendations are given on how different levels of ductility and deformation capacity can be achieved in dependency of the spacing of fasteners and other geometrical parameters.
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