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| 2. |
- Andersson, REB, et al.
(författare)
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Incidence of appendicitis during pregnancy
- 2001
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Ingår i: International journal of epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 30:6, s. 1281-1285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Andersson, T, et al.
(författare)
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Community-based prevention of perinatal deaths : lessons from nineteenth-century Sweden.
- 2000
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 29:3, s. 542-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Poor reproductive history, particularly previously high perinatal mortality, is associated with high perinatal mortality. Midwifery-assisted at home deliveries successfully reduced perinatal mortality.
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| 4. |
- Bengtsson, Tommy, et al.
(författare)
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Airborne infectious diseases during infancy and mortality in later life in southern Sweden, 1766-1894.
- 2003
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1464-3685 .- 0300-5771. ; 32:2, s. 286-294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The importance of early life conditions and current conditions for mortality in later life was assessed using historical data from four rural parishes in southern Sweden. Both demographic and economic data are valid. Methods: Longitudinal demographic and socioeconomic data for individuals and household socioeconomic data from parish registers were combined with local area data on food costs and disease load using a Cox regression framework to analyse the 55–80 year age group mortality (number of deaths = 1398). Results: In a previous paper, the disease load experienced during the birth year, measured as the infant mortality rate, was strongly associated with old-age mortality, particularly the outcome of airborne infectious diseases. In the present paper, this impact persisted after controlling for variations in food prices during pregnancy and the birth year, and the disease load on mothers during pregnancy. The impact on mortality in later life stems from both the short-term cycles and the long-term decline in infant mortality. An asymmetrical effect and strong threshold effects were found for the cycles. Years with very high infant mortality, dominated by smallpox and whooping cough, had a strong impact, while modest changes had almost no impact at all. The effects of the disease load during the year of birth were particularly strong for children born during the winter and summer. Children severely exposed to airborne infectious diseases during their birth year had a much higher risk of dying of airborne infectious diseases in their old age. Conclusions: This study suggests that exposure to airborne infectious diseases during the first year of life increases mortality at ages 55–80.
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| 9. |
- Farahmand, Bahman Y., et al.
(författare)
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Physical activity and hip fracture : a population-based case-control study
- 2000
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 29:2, s. 308-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: A growing body of literature suggests that physical activity may be a protective factor against hip fracture. METHODS: To study the association between hip fracture risk and recreational physical activity at various ages, changes in activity during adult life, occupational physical activity and how risks vary by adult weight change, we performed a population-based case-control study among postmenopausal women aged 50-81 years residing in six counties in Sweden in 1993-1995. The analysis consisted of 1327 women with hip fracture and 3262 randomly selected controls. Information on leisure physical activity before age 18, at 18-30 years and during recent years was based on a questionnaire. Data on occupational physical activity were collected through an independent classification of job titles obtained from record linkage with census data from 1960, 1970 and 1980. RESULTS: There was a protective effect of recent leisure physical activity. Compared to women who reported no leisure activity, the odds ratios (OR) were 0.79 (95% CI: 0.62-1.00), 0.67 (95% CI: 0.54-0.84) and 0.48 (95% CI: 0.39-0.60) for women who exercised <1 h per week, 1-2 h per week, and 3+ h per week, respectively. These decreased OR were more pronounced in women who had lost weight after 18 years of age than in those who had gained weight. Women with high physical activity at both 18-30 years and during recent years did not have a stronger protection than those with isolated high activity late in life, after accounting for recent activity. Occupational physical activity was not associated with hip fracture risk in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Recent physical activity is protective against hip fracture. The protective effect is most pronounced in women who had lost weight after age 18.
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| 11. |
- Gustafson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Tuberculosis in Bissau: incidence and risk factors in an urban community in sub-Saharan Africa
- 2004
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - Oxford : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1464-3685 .- 0300-5771. ; 33:1, s. 163-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Despite the long history of tuberculosis (TB) research, population-based studies from developing countries are rare. Methods In a prospective community study in Bissau, the capital of Guinea-Bissau, we assessed the impact of demographic, socioeconomic and cultural risk factors on active TB. A surveillance system in four districts of the capital identified 247 adult (greater than or equal to15 years) cases of intrathoracic TB between May 1996 and June 1998. Risk factors were evaluated comparing cases with the 25 189 adults living in the area in May 1997. Results The incidence of intrathoracic TB in the adult population was 471 per 100 000 person-years. Significant risk factors in a multivariate analysis were increasing age (P < 0.0001), male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.85, 3.60), ethnic group other than the largest group (Pepel) (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.20, 2.22), adult crowding (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.39 for >2 adults in household), and poor quality of housing (OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.22). Household type was important; adults living alone or with adults of their own sex only, had a higher risk of developing TB than households with husband and wife present, the adjusted OR being 1.76 (95% CI: 1.11, 2.78) for male households and 3.80 (95% CI: 1.69, 8.56) for female households. In a multivariate analysis excluding household type, child crowding was a protective factor, the OR being 0.68 (95% CI: 0.51, 0.90) for households with >2 children per household. Conclusions Bissau has a very high incidence of intrathoracic TB. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), increasing age, male sex, ethnicity, adult crowding, family structure, and poor housing conditions were independent risk factors for TB. Apart from HIV prevention, TB control programmes need to emphasize risk factors such as socioeconomic inequality, ethnic differences, crowding, and gender.
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| 16. |
- Hurtig, Anna-Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Geographical differences in cancer incidence in the Amazon basin of Ecuador in relation to residence near oil fields.
- 2002
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 31:5, s. 1021-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Since 1972, oil companies have extracted more than 2 billion barrels of crude oil from the Ecuadorian Amazon, releasing billions of gallons of untreated wastes and oil directly into the environment. This study aimed to determine if there was any difference in overall and specific cancer incidence rates between populations living in proximity to oil fields and those who live in areas free from oil exploitation. METHODS: Cancer cases from the provinces of Sucumbios, Orellana, Napo and Pastaza during the period 1985-1998 were included in the study. The exposed population was defined as those living in a county (n = 4) where oil exploitation had been ongoing for a minimum of 20 years up to the date of the study. Non-exposed counties were identified as those (n = 11) without oil development activities. Relative risks (RR) along with 95% CI were calculated for men and women as ratios of the age-adjusted incidence rates in the exposed versus non-exposed group. RESULTS: The RR of all cancer sites combined was significantly elevated in both men and women in exposed counties. Significantly elevated RR were observed for cancers of the stomach, rectum, skin melanoma, soft tissue and kidney in men and for cancers of the cervix and lymph nodes in women. An increase in haematopoietic cancers was also observed in the population under 10 years in the exposed counties in both males and females. CONCLUSION: Study results are compatible with a relationship between cancer incidence and living in proximity to oil fields. An environmental monitoring and cancer surveillance system in the area is recommended.
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| 20. |
- Khatun, Masuma, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of factors identified in adolescence and early adulthood on social class inequities of musculoskeletal disorders at age 30 : A prospective population-based cohort study
- 2004
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : International Epidemiological Association. - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 33:6, s. 1353-1360
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Social class inequities have been observed for mostmeasures of health. A greater understanding of the relativeimportance of different explanations is required. In this prospectivepopulation-based cohort study we explored the contribution offactors, ascertained at different stages between adolescenceand early adulthood, to social class inequities in musculoskeletaldisorders (MSD) at age 30.Methods We used data from 547 men and 497 women from a townin north Sweden who were baseline examined at age 16 and followedup to age 30. Using logistic regression models, we estimatedthe unadjusted odds ratios (OR) for MSD for blue-collar versuswhite-collar workers in men and women separately. We assessedthe contribution of different factors identified between adolescenceand early adulthood by comparing the unadjusted OR for socialclass differences with OR adjusted for these explanatory factors.Results We found significant class differences at age 30 withhigher MSD among blue-collar workers (OR = 2.03 in men [95%CI: 1.42, 2.90] and 1.98 in women [95% CI: 1.29, 3.02]). Afteradjustment for explanatory factors, class differences decreasedand were no longer significant, with OR of 1.20 in men (95%CI: 0.76, 1.95) and 1.18 in women (95% CI: 0.69, 2.03). Schoolgrades at age 16; being single and alcohol consumption at age21; having children, restricted financial resources, physicalactivity, alcohol consumption, smoking, and working conditionsat age 30 were important for men; parents' social class, schoolgrade, smoking and physical activity at age 16; being singleat age 21; and working conditions at age 30 were important forwomen.Conclusion The accumulation of adverse behavioural and socialcircumstances from adolescence to early adulthood may be anexplanation for the class differences in MSD at age 30. Interventionsaimed at reducing health inequities need to consider exploratoryfactors identified at early and later stages in life, also includingstructural determinants of health.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Leinsalu, Mall, et al.
(författare)
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Estonia 1989-2000 : enormous increase in mortality differences by education
- 2003
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 32, s. 1081-1087
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social disruption and increasing inequalities in wealth can be considered main recent determinants; however, causal processes, shaped decades before recent reforms, also contribute to this widening gap.
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| 23. |
- Lindqvist, Kent, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of social standing on injury prevention in a World Health Organization Safe Community - Intervention outcome by household employment contract
- 2004
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 33:3, s. 605-611
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Although social inequality in health has been an argument for community-based injury prevention programmes, intervention outcomes with regard to differences in social standing have not been analysed. The objective of this study was to investigate rates of injuries treated in health-care among members of households at different levels of labour market integration before and after the implementation of a WHO Safe Community programme. Methods. A quasi-experimental design was used with pre- and post-implementation data collection covering the total populations <65 years of age during one year in the programme implementation municipality (population 41 000) and in a control municipality (population 26 000). Changes in injury rates were studied using prospective registration of all acute care episodes with regard to social standing in both areas during the study periods. Results. Male members of households categorized as not vocationally active displayed the highest pre-intervention injury rates. Also after the intervention, males in households classified as not vocationally active displayed notably elevated injury rates in both the control and study areas. Households in the study area in which the significant member was employed showed a post-intervention decrease in injury rate among both men (P < 0.001) and women (P < 0.01). No statistically significant change was observed in households in which the significant member was self-employed or not vocationally active. In the control area, only an aggregate-level decrease (P < 0.05) among members of households in which the significant member was employed was observed. Conclusions. The study displayed areas for improvement in the civic network-based WHO Safe Community model. Even though members of non-vocationally active households, in particular men, were at higher pre-intervention injury risk, they were not affected by the interventions. This fact has to be addressed when planning future community-based injury prevention programmes. © International Epidemiological Association 2004, all rights reserved.
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| 25. |
- Michels, K B, et al.
(författare)
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A prospective study of variety of healthy foods and mortality in women
- 2002
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Obstet & Gynecol Epidemiol Ctr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Epidemiol, Stockholm, Sweden. : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 31:4, s. 847-854
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background To assess the overall influence of diet on health and disease in epidemiological studies, the habitual diet of the study participants has to be captured as a pattern rather than individual foods or nutrients. The simplest way to describe dietary preferences is to separate foods considered beneficial to health from foods considered to promote disease, and separate individuals on the basis of their regular consumption of these foods. Methods We used data from 59 038 women participating in the prospective Mammography Screening Cohort in Sweden to investigate the influence of variety of healthy and less healthy foods on all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Results Women who followed a healthy diet defined as consumption of a high variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grain breads, cereals, fish, and low fat dairy products had a significantly lower mortality than women who consumed few of these foods (3710 deaths total). Women who reported regularly consuming 16-17 healthy foods had a 42% lower all-cause mortality (95% CI: 32-50%) compared to women reporting consumption of 0-8 healthy foods with any regularity (P for trend <0.0001). For each additional healthy food consumed the risk of death was about 5% lower (95% CI: 4-6%). Cardiovascular mortality was particularly low among women who reported consuming a high variety of healthy foods. A less healthy diet defined as consumption of a high variety of red meats, refined carbohydrates and sugars, and foods high in saturated or trans fats was not directly associated with a higher overall mortality. However, women who reported consuming many less healthy foods were significantly more likely to die from cancer than those who consumed few less healthy foods. Conclusions A healthy diet can affect longevity. It appears more important to increase the number of healthy foods regularly consumed than to reduce the number of less healthy foods regularly consumed.
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