| 1. |
- Andersson, Gerhard, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Internet-based self-help for depression : randomised controlled trial
- 2005
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychiatry. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 187, s. 456-461
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND:Major depression can be treated by means of cognitive-behavioural therapy, but as skilled therapists are in short supply there is a need for self-help approaches. Many individuals with depression use the internet for discussion of symptoms and to share their experience.AIMS:To investigate the effects of an internet-administered self-help programme including participation in a monitored, web-based discussion group, compared with participation in web-based discussion group only.METHOD:A randomised controlled trial was conducted to compare the effects of internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy with minimal therapist contact (plus participation in a discussion group) with the effects of participation in a discussion group only.RESULTS:Internet-based therapy with minimal therapist contact, combined with activity in a discussion group, resulted in greater reductions of depressive symptoms compared with activity in a discussion group only (waiting-list control group). At 6 months' follow-up, improvement was maintained to a large extent.CONCLUSIONS:Internet-delivered cognitive cognitive-behavioural therapy should be pursued further as a complement or treatment alternative for mild-to-moderate depression.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Gerhard, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Pros and cons of online cognitive-behavioural therapy
- 2008
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychiatry. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 193:4, s. 270-271
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Online cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for depression has the potential to serve as an important addition to the care of people with mild to moderate depression. Although some studies show promising results, the need for proper diagnoses and human guidance must be considered when interpreting the modest effects found in studies with little or no guidance from a therapist.
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| 3. |
- Andrews, Gavin, et al.
(författare)
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Lifetime risk of depression: restricted to a minority or waiting for most?
- 2005
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Ingår i: The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250. ; 187, s. 495-6
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Depression remits and recurs, but among what proportion of the population? Retrospective surveys report the lifetime risk to be around 10%. A modelling study and two prospective studies concur that close to half the population can expect one or more episodes of depression in their lifetime.
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| 4. |
- Baker, JH, et al.
(författare)
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Intrauterine testosterone exposure and risk for disordered eating
- 2009
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Ingår i: The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 1472-1465. ; 194:4, s. 375-376
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has suggested that prenatal testosterone exposure masculinises disordered eating by comparing opposite- and same-gender twins. The objective of the current study is to replicate this finding using a sample of 439 identical and 213 fraternal females, 461 identical and 344 fraternal males, and 361 males and 371 females from opposite-gender twin pairs. Disordered eating was compared across twin types using the Eating Disorder Inventory–2. Inconsistent with previous findings, a main effect of co-twin gender was not found. Our results raise questions about the validity of prior evidence of the impact of prenatal testosterone exposure on patterns of disordered eating.
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| 5. |
- Batty, GD, et al.
(författare)
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IQ in early adulthood and later risk of death by homicide: cohort study of 1 million men
- 2008
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Ingår i: The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 1472-1465. ; 193:6, s. 461-465
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Risk factors for homicide are emerging; however, the predictive value of IQ, for which there is a strong prima facie case, has yet to be examined.AimsTo examine the association between IQ and risk of death by homicide.MethodA cohort of 968 846 men, aged 18–19 years, were administered an IQ test battery at military conscription and then followed for mortality experience over two decades.ResultsThere were 191 deaths due to homicide during follow-up. In age-adjusted analyses, a high total IQ test score was associated with a reduced rate of homicide (hazard ratio (HR) per standard deviation increase in IQ score=0.49, 95% CI 0.42–0.57). A step-wise gradient was apparent across the three IQ groups (P-value for trend 50.001). After adjustment for indicators of socio-economic position and illness at conscription, this gradient was marginally attenuated (HR=0.57, 95% CI 0.49–0.67).ConclusionsHigh IQ test scores in early adulthood were associated with a reduced risk of death by homicide.
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| 6. |
- Cantor-Graae, Elizabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Social defeat and schizophrenia - reply
- 2006
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychiatry. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 188, s. 394-394
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Carlbring, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment of social phobia : Randomised trial of internet-delivered cognitive-behavioural therapy with telephone support
- 2007
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychiatry. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 190, s. 123-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Although effective therapies for social phobia exist, many individuals refrain from seeking treatment owing to the embarrassment associated with help-seeking. Internet-based cognitive-behavioural self-help can be an alternative, but adherence is a problem. Aims: To evaluate a 9-week programme of internet-based therapy designed to increase treatment adherence by the addition of short weekly telephone calls, nine in all, with a total duration of 95 min. Method: In a randomised controlled trial the effects of internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy in the treatment group (n=29) were compared with a waiting-list control group (n=28). Results: Compared with the control group the treated participants experienced greater reductions on measures of general and social anxiety, avoidance and depression. Adherence to treatment was high, with 93% finishing the complete treatment package. One year later all improvements were maintained. Conclusions: This study provides evidence to support the use of internet-based treatment supplemented by short, weekly telephone calls.
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| 8. |
- Chotai, Jayanti
(författare)
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Month of birth in relation to suicide.
- 2008
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychiatry. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 192:4, s. 313-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
- Furmark, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Guided and unguided self-help for social anxiety disorder : randomised controlled trial
- 2009
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychiatry. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 195:5, s. 440-447
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Internet-delivered self-help programmes with added guidance have shown efficacy in social anxiety disorder, unguided self-help has been insufficiently studied. Aims To evaluate the efficacy of guided and unguided self-help social anxiety disorder. Method Participants followed a cognitive-behavioural self-help programme in the form of either pure bibliotherapy or an internet-based treatment with therapist guidance and online group discussions. A subsequent trial was conducted to evaluate treatment specificity. Participants (n=235) were randomised to one of three conditions in the first trial, or one of four conditions in the second. Results Pure bibliotherapy and the internet-based treatment were better than waiting list on measures of social anxiety, general anxiety, depression and quality of life. The internet-based therapy had the highest effect sizes, but directly comparable effects were noted for bibliotherapy augmented with online group discussions. Gains were well maintained a year later. Conclusions Unguided self-help through bibliotherapy can produce enduring improvement for individuals with social anxiety disorder.
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| 10. |
- Hansson, Sara Lina, et al.
(författare)
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Psychiatric telephone interview with parents for screening of childhood autism - tics, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and other comorbidities (A-TAC): preliminary reliability and validity.
- 2005
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Ingår i: The British Journal of Psychiatry. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 187, s. 262-267
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Reliable, valid and easily administered screening instruments would greatly facilitate large-scale neuropsychiatric research. AIMS: To test a parent telephone interview focused on autism - tics, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other comorbidities (A-TAC). METHOD: Parents of 84 children in contact with a child neuropsychiatric clinic and 27 control children were interviewed. Validity and interrater and test - retest reliability were assessed. RESULTS: Interrater and test - retest reliability were very good. Areas under receiver operating characteristics curves between interview scores and clinical diagnoses were around 0.90 for ADHD and autistic spectrum disorders, and above 0.70 for tics, learning disorders and developmental coordination disorder. Using optimal cut-off scores for autistic spectrum disorder and ADHD, good to excellent kappa levels for interviews and clinical diagnoses were noted. CONCLUSIONS: The A-TAC appears to be a reliable and valid instrument for identifying autistic spectrum disorder, ADHD, tics, learning disorders and developmental coordination disorder.
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| 11. |
- Hjern, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Outcome and prognostic factors for adolescent female in-patients with anorexia nervosa : 9- to 14-year follow-up
- 2006
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychiatry. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 189:Nov, s. 428-432
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Earlier studies have indicated poor long-term outcomes for patients with anorexia nervosa. Aims: To study health and social outcomes of adolescent in-patients with anorexia nervosa in relation to prognostic factors. Method: A register study based on socio-economic and health data was conducted for a national cohort of female residents in Sweden born between 1968 and 1977, including 748 in-patients with anorexia nervosa. Results: At follow-up 9-14 years after hospital admission, 8.7% of patients with anorexia nervosa had persistent psychiatric health problems demanding hospital care and 21.4% were dependent on society for their main income; the stratified relative risks were 5.8 (95% CI 4.7-7.6) and 2.6 (2.3-3.0) respectively, compared with the general female population. The mortality rate for patients with anorexia nervosa was 1.2% and the stratified risk ratio for maternity was 0.6 (95% CI 0.5-0.7). Long duration of hospital care and psychiatric comorbidity were predictors of persistent psychiatric problems and financial dependency on society. Conclusions: The outcome in this cohort of adolescent in-patients with anorexia nervosa was considerably better than that reported in previous studies.
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| 12. |
- Isacsson, G
(författare)
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Suicide trends and antidepressants
- 2007
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Ingår i: The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250. ; 190, s. 79-79
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 13. |
- Lundberg, Patric, et al.
(författare)
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Urbanicity of place of birth and symptoms of psychosis, depression and anxiety in Uganda
- 2009
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychiatry. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 195:2, s. 156-162
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The mechanism underlying the association between urban birth/upbringing and increased schizophrenia risk is unknown. This study explored whether an urban effect might be present in a low-income country setting, where the 'urban' environment may have radically different components, for example urban architecture, pollution levels or social cohesion. Aims To investigate the potential association of urbanicity of place of birth and symptoms of psychosis, depression and anxiety in Uganda. Method Ugandans aged 18-30 years (n=646) were interviewed using the Peters et al Delusions inventory (PDI-21), the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (HSCL-25) and psychoticism items from the Symptoms Checklist 90-items version (SCL-90) in Mbarara and Kampala districts and asked about their birthplace. Results Urban birth (but not semi-urban) was associated with more lifetime psychotic experiences, especially grandiosity, and more symptoms of psychosis, depression and anxiety during the past week. Conclusions The urban risk factor for schizophrenia may be universally present across different levels of human development, albeit the nature of the mechanism remains elusive.
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| 14. |
- Nilsson, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Schizophrenia and offspring's risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes and infant death
- 2008
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychiatry. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 193:4, s. 311-315
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Women with schizophrenia are at increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. it is not known whether offspring born to fathers with schizophrenia also have an increased risk. Aims To evaluate paternal and maternal influences on the association between schizophrenia and pregnancy outcomes. Method A record linkage including 2 million births was made using Swedish population-based registers. The risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes was evaluated through logistic regression. Results Offspring with a mother or father with schizophrenia faced a doubled risk of infant mortality, which could not be explained by maternal behaviour alone during pregnancy. Excess infant death risk was largely attributable to post-neonatal death. Maternal factors (e.g. smoking) explained most of the other risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes among both mothers and fathers with schizophrenia. Conclusions The risks to offspring whose fathers had schizophrenia suggest that, in addition to maternal risk behaviour, non-optimal social and/or parenting circumstances are of importance. Results Offspring with a mother or father with schizophrenia faced
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| 15. |
- Papadopoulos, Fotios C, et al.
(författare)
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Excess mortality, causes of death and prognostic factors in anorexia nervosa
- 2009
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychiatry. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 194:1, s. 10-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Anorexia nervosa is a mental disorder with high mortality. AIMS: To estimate standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) and to investigate potential prognostic factors. METHOD: Six thousand and nine women who had in-patient treatment for anorexia nervosa were followed-up retrospectively using Swedish registers. RESULTS: The overall SMR for anorexia nervosa was 6.2 (95% CI 5.5-7.0). Anorexia nervosa, psychoactive substance use and suicide had the highest SMR. The SMR was significantly increased for almost all natural and unnatural causes of death. The SMR 20 years or more after the first hospitalisation remained significantly high. Lower mortality was found during the last two decades. Younger age and longer hospital stay at first hospitalisation was associated with better outcome, and psychiatric and somatic comorbidity worsened the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Anorexia nervosa is characterised by high lifetime mortality from both natural and unnatural causes. Assessment and treatment of psychiatric comorbidity, especially alcohol misuse, may be a pathway to better long-term outcome.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Pedersen, CB, et al.
(författare)
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Urbanisation and psychosis
- 2005
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Ingår i: The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250. ; 186, s. 168-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 18. |
- Price, C, et al.
(författare)
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Cannabis and suicide: longitudinal study
- 2009
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Ingår i: The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 1472-1465. ; 195:6, s. 492-497
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Some studies suggest that cannabis use is associated with suicidal ideation, but no detailed longitudinal study has examined suicide as an outcome.AimsTo examine the association between cannabis use and completed suicide.MethodA longitudinal study investigated 50 087 men conscripted for Swedish military service, with cannabis use measured non-anonymously at conscription. Suicides during 33 years of follow-up were identified by linkage with the National Cause of Death Register.ResultsThere were 600 (1.2% of cohort) suicides or deaths from undetermined causes. Cannabis use was associated with an increased risk of suicide (crude OR for ‘ever use’ 1.62, 95% CI 1.28–2.07), but this association was eliminated after adjustment for confounding (adjusted OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.65–1.20).ConclusionsAlthough there was a strong association between cannabis use and suicide, this was explained by markers of psychological and behavioural problems. These results suggest that cannabis use is unlikely to have a strong effect on risk of completed suicide, either directly or as a consequence of mental health problems secondary to its use.
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| 19. |
- Priebe, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Structured patient-clinician communication and 1-year outcome in community mental healthcare - Cluster randomised controlled trial
- 2007
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychiatry. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 191:5, s. 420-426
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Patient-clinician communication is central to mental healthcare but neglected in research. Aims To testa new computer-mediated intervention structuring patient-clinician dialogue (DIALOG) focusing on patients' quality of life and needs for care. Method In a cluster randomised controlled trial, 134 key workers in six countries were allocated to DIALOG or treatment as usual; 507 people with schizophrenia or related disorders were included. Every 2 months for I year, clinicians asked patients to rate satisfaction with quality of life and treatment, and request additional or different support. Responses were fed back immediately in screen displays, compared with previous ratings and discussed. Primary outcome was subjective quality of life, and secondary outcomes were unmet needs and treatment satisfaction. Results Of 507 patients, 56 were lost to follow-up and 451 were included in intention-to-treat analyses. Patients receiving the DIALOG intervention had better subjective quality of life, fewer unmet needs and higher treatment satisfaction after 12 months. Conclusions Structuring patient clinician dialogue to focus on patients' views positively influenced quality of life, needs for care and treatment satisfaction.
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| 20. |
- Rihmer, Z, et al.
(författare)
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Suicide and antidepressants sales
- 2005
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Ingår i: The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250. ; 186, s. 445-446
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 21. |
- Selten, Jean-Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Hypothesis: social defeat is a risk factor for schizophrenia?
- 2007
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychiatry. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 191, s. 9-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The increased schizophrenia risks for residents of cities with high levels of competition and for members of disadvantaged groups (for example migrants from low- and middle-income countries, people with low IQ, hearing impairments or a history of abuse) suggest that social factors are important for aetiology, Dopaminergic dysfunctioning is a key mechanism in pathogenesis. This editorial is a selective literature review to delineate a mechanism whereby social factors can disturb dopamine function in the brain. Experiments with rodents have shown that social defeat leads to dopaminergic hyperactivity and to behavioural sensitisation, whereby the animal displays an enhanced behavioural and dopamine response to dopamine agonists. Neuroreceptor imaging studies have demonstrated the same phenomenain patients with schizophrenia who had never received antipsychotics, In humans, the chronic experience of social defeat may lead to sensitisation (and/or increased baseline activity) of the mesolimbic dopamine system and thereby increase the risk for schizophrenia. Declaration of interest None.
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| 22. |
- Teodorczuk, A., et al.
(författare)
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White matter changes and late-life depressive symptoms - Longitudinal study
- 2007
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Ingår i: BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 191, s. 212-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evidence from cross-sectional studies suggests a link between cerebral age-related white matter changes and depressive symptoms in older people, although the temporal association remains unclear.AimsTo investigate age-related white matter changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an independent predictor of depressive symptoms at 1 year after controlling for known confounders.MethodIn a pan-European multicentre study of 639 older adults without significant disability, MRI white matter changes and demographic and clinical variables, including cognitive scores, quality of life, disability and depressive symptoms, were assessed at baseline. Clinical assessments were repeated at 1 year.ResultsUsing logistic regression analysis, severity of white matter changes was shown to independently and significantly predict depressive symptoms at 1 year after controlling for baseline depressive symptoms, quality of life and worsening disability (P<0.01).ConclusionsWhite matter changes pre-date and are associated with the development of depressive symptoms. This has implications for treatment and prevention of depression in later life.
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| 23. |
- Wamala, S.P, et al.
(författare)
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Perceived discrimination and psychological distress in Sweden
- 2007
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychiatry. - Natl Inst Publ Hlth, S-10352 Stockholm, Sweden. Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden. Swedish Assoc Local Author & Reg, Stockholm, Sweden. : CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 190, s. 75-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is lack of evidence on the health effects of perceived discrimination.We analysed the association between perceived discrimination and psychological distress, and whether socio-economic disadvantage explains this association in 15 406 men and 17 922 women in Sweden during 2004. After adjustment for age and long-term illness, frequent experiences of discrimination were associated with increased likelihood of psychological distress. Socio-economic disadvantage explained about 25% of this association. Declaration of interest None.
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| 24. |
- Wentz, Elisabet, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa: 18-year outcome.
- 2009
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Ingår i: British Journal of Psychiatry. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 0007-1250 .- 1472-1465. ; 194:2, s. 168-174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The long-term outcome of anorexia nervosa is insufficiently researched. AIMS: To study prospectively the long-term outcome and prognostic factors in a representative sample of people with teenage-onset anorexia nervosa. METHOD: Fifty-one people with anorexia nervosa, recruited by community screening and with a mean age at onset of 14 years were compared with 51 matched comparison individuals at a mean age of 32 years (18 years after disorder onset). All participants had been examined at ages 16 years, 21 years and 24 years. They were interviewed for Axis I psychiatric disorders and overall outcome (Morgan-Russell assessment schedule and the Global Assessment of Functioning). RESULTS: There were no deaths. Twelve per cent (n=6) had a persisting eating disorder, including three with anorexia nervosa. Thirty-nine per cent of the anorexia nervosa group met the criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder. The general outcome was poor in 12%. One in four did not have paid employment owing to psychiatric problems. Poor outcome was predicted by premorbid obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, age at onset of anorexia nervosa and autistic traits. CONCLUSIONS: The 18-year outcome of teenage-onset anorexia nervosa is favourable in respect of mortality and persisting eating disorder.
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| 25. |
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