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1.	Ejeby, Kersti, et al. (author) Randomized controlled trial of transdiagnostic group treatments for primary care patients with common mental disorders 2014 In: Family Practice. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0263-2136 .- 1460-2229. ; 31:3, s. 273-280 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Background. The purpose was to test the effectiveness of two transdiagnostic group interventions compared to care as usual (CAU) for patients with anxiety, depressive or stress-related disorders within a primary health care context. Objectives. To compare the effects of cognitive-based-behavioural therapy (CBT) and multimodal intervention (MMI) on the quality of life and relief of psychological symptoms of patients with common mental disorders or problems attending primary health care centre. Methods. Patients (n = 278), aged 18-65 years, were referred to the study by the GPs and 245 were randomized to CAU or one of two group interventions in addition to CAU: (i) group CBT administered by psychologists and (ii) group MMI administered by assistant nurses. The primary outcome measure was the Mental Component Summary score of short form 36. Secondary outcome measures were Perceived Stress Scale and Self-Rating Scale for Affective Syndromes. The data were analysed using intention-to-treat with a linear mixed model. Results. On the primary outcome measure, the mean improvement based on mixed model analyses across post-and follow-up assessment was significantly larger for the MMI group than for the CBT (4.0; P = 0.020) and CAU (7.5; P = .001) groups. Participants receiving CBT were significantly more improved than those in the CAU group. On four of the secondary outcome measures, the MMI group was significantly more improved than the CBT and CAU groups. The course of improvement did not differ between the CBT group and the CAU group on these measures. Conclusions. Transdiagnostic group treatment can be effective for patients with common mental disorders when delivered in a primary care setting. The group format and transdiagnostic approach fit well with the requirements of primary care.
2.	Ejeby, Kersti, et al. (author) Symptom reduction due to psychosocial interventions is not accompanied by a reduction in sick leave : Results from a randomized controlled trial in primary care 2014 In: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0281-3432 .- 1502-7724. ; 32:2, s. 67-72 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective. To investigate whether interventions that have positive effects on psychological symptoms and quality of life compared with usual care would also reduce days on sick leave. Design. A randomized controlled trial. Setting. A large primary health care centre in Stockholm, Sweden. Intervention. Patients with common mental disorders were recruited by their GPs and randomized into one of two group interventions that took place in addition to usual care. These group interventions were: (a) group cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and (b) group multimodal intervention (MMI). Both types of intervention had previously shown significant effects on quality of life, and MMI had also shown significant effects on psychological symptoms. Patients. Of the 245 randomized patients, 164 were employed and had taken sick leave periods of at least two weeks in length during the study period of two years. They comprised the study group. Main outcome measures. The odds, compared with usual care, for being sick-listed at different times relative to the date of randomization. Results. The mean number of days on sick leave increased steadily in the two years before randomization and decreased in the two years afterwards, showing the same pattern for all three groups. The CBT and MMI interventions did not show the expected lower odds for sick-listing compared with usual care during the two-year follow-up. Conclusion. Reduction in psychological symptoms and increased well-being did not seem to be enough to reduce sickness absence for patients with common mental problems in primary care. The possibility of adding workplace-oriented interventions is discussed.
3.	Lundh, Lars-Gunnar, et al. (author) Sömnstörningar 2013 In: KBT inom psykiatrin. - 9789127135604 ; 2 rev. & utökade utgåvan, s. 265-282 Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
4.	Agdal, Maren Lillehaug, et al. (author) Quality-of-life before and after cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in patients with intra-oral injection phobia 2012 In: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0001-6357 .- 1502-3850. ; 70:6, s. 463-470 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective. To evaluate quality-of-life (QoL), before and after cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in patients diagnosed with intra-oral injection phobia according to DSM-IV and to compare with the general population. This study also aimed to evaluate if QoL was associated with self-reported injection anxiety, dental anxiety, time since last dental treatment and oral health. Materials and methods. Subjects were 55 patients (mean age 35.5 +/- 12.2, 78.2% women) who participated in a treatment study in which 89% managed an intra-oral injection at 1 year follow-up. The patients completed a set of questionnaires including Quality of Life Inventory (QOLI), Injection Phobia Scale-Anxiety, Dental Anxiety Scale and a single-item question assessing self-perceived oral health. Objective measures of oral health and treatment needs were based on clinical examination. QOLI-scores from a non-clinical sample were used for comparison. Results. Before treatment the general and health specific QoL were lower among intra-oral injection phobics than in the non-clinical sample. At 1 year follow-up the QoL in general had improved significantly and was similar to that of the non-clinical sample. Poor self-reported oral health and long-term avoidance of dental treatment were associated with lower general and health-specific QoL. Self-reported injection anxiety and dental anxiety were not associated with QoL. Conclusions. Patients with intra-oral injection phobia report lower QoL compared with a general population. Phobia treatment seems to increase QoL to normative levels. Self-perceived poor oral health is associated with reduced QoL in these patients.
5.	Andersson, Gerhard, 1966-, et al. (author) Internet-Based Exposure Treatment Versus One-Session Exposure Treatment of Snake Phobia : A Randomized Controlled Trial 2013 In: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1650-6073 .- 1651-2316. ; 42:4, s. 284-291 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In this study, the authors compared guided Internet-delivered self-help with one-session exposure treatment (OST) in a sample of snake phobic patients. A total of 30 patients were included following a screening on the Internet and a structured clinical interview. The Internet treatment consisted of four weekly text modules which were presented on a web page, a video in which exposure was modelled, and support provided via Internet. The OST was delivered in a three-hour session following a brief orientation session. The main outcome was the behavioural approach test (BAT), and as secondary measures questionnaires measuring anxiety symptoms and depression were used. Results showed that the groups did not differ at post-treatment or follow-up, with the exception of a significant interaction for the BAT in favour of the OST. At post-treatment, 61.5% of the Internet group and 84.6% of the OST group achieved a clinically significant improvement on the BAT. At follow-up, the corresponding figures were 90% for the Internet group and 100% for the OST group (completer sample). Within-group effect sizes for the Snake Phobia Questionnaire were large (d = 1.63 and d = 2.31 for the Internet and OST groups, respectively, at post-treatment). It is concluded that guided Internet-delivered exposure treatment is a potential treatment option in the treatment of snake phobia, but that OST probably is better.
6.	Andersson, Gerhard, et al. (author) Paniksyndrom : ond cirkel av feltolkade kroppsliga signaler 2011 In: Läkartidningen. - : Läkartidningen förlag AB. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 108:14, s. 795-797 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Attacker av intensiv rädsla utan tydlig yttre orsak som leder till rädsla för nya attacker – det kännetecknar paniksyndrom. Evidensbaserade behandlingsalternativ finns, och det finns inget skäl att avvakta med behandling.
7.	Andersson, Gerhard, et al. (author) Paniksyndrom - ond cirkel av feltolkade kroppsliga signaler 2011 In: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 108:14, s. 795-797 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Paniksyndrom kännetecknas av plötsliga, oväntade panikattacker med rädsla för nya attacker eller konsekvenser av dem. En andel patienter har även agorafobi. Olika förklaringsmodeller har förts fram för att beskriva hur paniksyndrom uppstår och vidmakthålls. Flera behandlingar för paniksyndrom finns, och bland dem är det psykologisk behandling i form av kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT) eller läkemedelsbehandling (i första hand selektiva serotoninåterupptagshämmare) som rekommenderas och som har stöd i forskningen. I Sverige har Internetbaserad KBT för paniksyndrom utvecklats och prövats med framgång. I valet av behandling bör patientens preferenser vägas in.
8.	Arnberg, Alexandra, et al. (author) CBT for Children with Depressive Symptoms : A Meta-Analysis 2014 In: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1650-6073 .- 1651-2316. ; 43:4, s. 275-288 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Pediatric depression entails a higher risk for psychiatric disorders, somatic complaints, suicide, and functional impairment later in life. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is recommended for the treatment of depression in children, yet research is based primarily on adolescents. The present meta-analysis investigated the efficacy of CBT in children aged 8-12 years with regard to depressive symptoms. We included randomized controlled trials of CBT with participants who had an average age of <= 12 years and were diagnosed with either depression or reported elevated depressive symptoms. The search resulted in 10 randomized controlled trials with 267 participants in intervention and 256 in comparison groups. The mean age of participants was 10.5 years. The weighted between-group effect size for CBT was moderate, Cohen's d=0.66. CBT outperformed both attention placebo and wait-list, although there was a significant heterogeneity among studies with regard to effect sizes. The weighted within-group effect size for CBT was large, d=1.02. Earlier publication year, older participants, and more treatment sessions were associated with a larger effect size. In conclusion, the efficacy of CBT in the treatment of pediatric depression symptoms was supported. Differences in efficacy, methodological shortcomings, and lack of follow-up data limit the present study and indicate areas in need of improvement.
9.	Cederlund, Rio, et al. (author) Perception of Threat in Children With Social Phobia : Comparison to Nonsocially Anxious Children Before and After Treatment 2011 In: Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology (Print). - : Informa UK Limited. - 1537-4416 .- 1537-4424. ; 40:6, s. 855-863 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The present study investigated interpretation bias and reduced evidence for danger (RED) bias in 49 children with social phobia and 49 nonsocially anxious children between the ages of 8 and 14 years, using an ambiguous stories task. A posttreatment and follow-up measure was included for 26 of the socially phobic children to examine whether there would be a change in interpretation and RED bias after a 12-week behavior therapy program. Ambiguous scenarios were presented sentence by sentence. Participants gave interpretations and fear ratings after each sentence, and they rated negative emotions after each complete scenario. Compared to the nonsocially anxious children, children with social phobia displayed both a RED bias and an interpretation bias. After the treatment program, the children with social phobia displayed a reduced tendency to make biased interpretations, but there were no significant posttreatment changes in the RED bias. At 1 year follow-up there was a significant reduction in both interpretation and RED bias and clinical children no longer differed from nonsocially anxious controls.
10.	Cederlund, Rio, et al. (author) Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory-Child version in a Swedish clinical sample 2013 In: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 0887-6185 .- 1873-7897. ; 27:5, s. 503-511 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C) is a 26 item, empirically derived self-report instrument developed for assessing social phobic fears in children. Evidence for satisfactory psychometric properties of the SPAI-C has been found in multiple community studies. Since its development, however, no study has presented an extensive psychometric evaluation of SPAI-C in a sample of carefully diagnosed children with social phobia. The present study sought to replicate and expand previous studies by administrating the SPAI-C to a sample of 59 children that fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for social phobia, and 49 children with no social phobia diagnosis. An exploratory factor analysis resulted in a three factor solution reflecting: (1) fear of social interactions, (2) fear of public performance situations, and (3) physical and cognitive symptoms connected with social phobia. These factors appear to parallel domains of social phobia also evident in adults. The SPAI-C total scale and each factor was found to possess good internal consistency, good test–retest reliability and was generally strongly correlated with both self-report and clinician measures of anxiety and fears. The discriminative properties of the total scale were satisfactory.
11.	Cederlund, Rio, 1971- (author) Social anxiety disorder in children and adolescents : assessment, maintaining factors, and treatment 2013 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract The present dissertation consists of three empirical studies on social anxiety disorder (SAD) in a sample of Swedish children and adolescents. Based on findings made in a large behavior treatment study, the thesis contributes to the field of research on childhood SAD by investigating a factor that maintains the disorder, ways to measure and screen for diagnosis, and the treatment of the disorder. Study I investigated whether giving an educational course to the parents of socially anxious children would lead to a better outcome of a behavior-treatment study consisting of individual and group treatment components such as exposure in-vivo and social skills training, compared to a condition where only children were treated and the parents received no educational course. Another purpose of Study I was to investigate what influence, if any, co-morbidity has on treatment outcome. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two treatment groups on any of the primary or secondary outcome measures. Further, the comorbid disorders did not impair the SAD treatment but was rather associated with further improvement, and despite the sole focus on SAD, there was significant improvement in the comorbid disorders. Study II tested the psychometric properties of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children in a sample of children with SAD. The results indicated that the instrument is a both valid and reliable measure. Further, a three-factor solution represented the three areas of SAD commonly found in adult studies, i.e. fear of performance, observation, and interaction situations. Study III explored threat perception and interpretation bias by means of an ambiguous stories task. The results showed that children with SAD deviated significantly from a non-anxious control peer group with regard to their interpretations. Post treatment the threat perception bias was altered in a normal direction, and one year after treatment termination, the SAD sample ratings were comparable to those of the non-anxious children.
12.	Clefberg Liberman, Lisa, et al. (author) How I feel about things : Psychometric data from a sample of Spanish-speaking children 2012 In: International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology. - 1697-2600 .- 2174-0852. ; 12:3, s. 419-433 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This study investigated the psychometric properties of How I Feel about Things, a questionnaire that assesses perceived quality of life and life satisfaction, in a sample of 729 school children. Participants were a non-clinical sample of 8-14 year old children studying second to eighth grade at three different schools in three socio-economic areas in the Metropolitan area of Santiago de Chile. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was acceptable and its convergent validity was supported with a significant positive correlation with a self-report measure of self-esteem. The questionnaire's discriminant validity was also supported with significant negative correlations with well-known self-report measures that assess depressive symptomatology, general and social anxiety, and general fearfulness. The findings of this study provide initial support for the psychometric properties of How I Feel about Things with non-clinical children, although this questionnaire was originally adapted to assess quality of life in children receiving treatment for different anxiety disorders.
13.	Fjermestad, Krister W., et al. (author) Factor Structure and Validity of the Therapy Process Observational Coding System for Child Psychotherapy-Alliance Scale 2012 In: Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology (Print). - : Informa UK Limited. - 1537-4416 .- 1537-4424. ; 41:2, s. 246-254 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The aim of this study was to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of an observer-rated youth alliance measure, the Therapy Process Observational Coding System for Child Psychotherapy-Alliance scale (TPOCS-A). The sample was 52 youth diagnosed with anxiety disorders (M age = 12.43, SD = 2.23, range = 8-15; 56% boys; 98% Caucasian) drawn from a randomized controlled trial. Participants received a manualized individual cognitive behavioral treatment, the FRIENDS for life program, in public community clinics in Norway. Diagnostic status, treatment motivation, and perceived treatment credibility were assessed at pretreatment. Using the TPOCS-A, independent observers rated child-therapist alliance from the third therapy session. Child-and therapist-reported alliance measures were collected from the same session. An exploratory factor analysis supported a one-factor solution, which is consistent with previous studies of self-and observer-rated youth alliance scales. Psychometric analyses supported the interrater reliability, internal consistency, and convergent/divergent validity of the TPOCS-A. Accumulating psychometric evidence indicate that the TPOCS-A has the potential to fill a measurement gap in the youth psychotherapy field. In youth psychotherapy, alliance may be unidimensional, so establishing a strong bond and engaging the child in therapeutic activities may both be instrumental to establishing good alliance early in treatment. However, it is important to be cautious when interpreting the factor analytic findings, because the sample size may have been too small to identify additional factors. Future research can build upon these findings by examining the factor structure of youth alliance measures with larger, more diverse samples.
14.	Haug, Thomas, et al. (author) Self-help treatment of anxiety disorders : A meta-analysis and meta-regression of effects and potential moderators 2012 In: Clinical Psychology Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-7358 .- 1873-7811. ; 32:5, s. 425-445 Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract Self-help treatments have the potential to increase the availability and affordability of evidence-based treatments for anxiety disorders. Although promising, previous research results are heterogeneous, indicating a need to identify factors that moderate treatment outcome. The present article reviews the literature on self-help treatment for anxiety disorders among adults, with a total sample of 56 articles with 82 comparisons. When self-help treatment was compared to wait-list or placebo, a meta-analysis indicated a moderate to large effect size (g = 0.78). When self-help treatment was compared to face-to-face treatment, results indicated a small effect that favored the latter (g = -0.20). When self-help was compared to wait-list or placebo, subgroup analyses indicated that self-help treatment format, primary anxiety diagnosis and procedures for recruitment of subjects were related to treatment outcome in bivariate analyses, but only recruitment procedures remained significant in a multiple meta-regression analysis. When self-help was compared to face-to-face treatment, a multiple meta-regression indicated that the type of comparison group, treatment format and gender were significantly related to outcome. We conclude that self-help is effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders, and should be offered as part of stepped care treatment models in community services. Implications of the results and future directions are discussed.
15.	Havnen, Audun, et al. (author) Concentrated ERP delivered in a group setting : An effectiveness study 2014 In: Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-3649 .- 2211-3657. ; 3:4, s. 319-324 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The aims of the present study were to evaluate the acceptability and long term gains of a highly concentrated exposure and response prevention (ERP) for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Treatment was individually tailored and delivered in a group format over four consecutive days in an outpatient OCD treatment unit, part of the ordinary specialist health care. A total of 35 patients accepted the offer of treatment; 23 of the patients were classified with severe to extreme OCD, and 74% of the sample had previously received treatment for their OCD (20% of these with ERP). The results showed that more than 90% of the patients expressed a high degree of satisfaction with the concentrated ERP. At six months follow-up 27 (77%) were classified as recovered and a significant improvement was seen in depressive symptoms as well. The majority of the sample also showed improvement with regard to employment status 12 months after treatment. The results indicate that this highly concentrated treatment may be a feasible format of delivering ERP.
16.	Intensive One-Session Treatment of Specific Phobias 2012. - 1 Editorial collection (other academic/artistic)abstract Whether it’s dogs, spiders, blood, heights or some other fear, specific phobias are one of the most prevalent mental health problems, affecting as many as one in eight people. In recent years, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has emerged as particularly effective in treating young people and adults with specific phobias. And of these methods, one-session treatment stands out as a long-lasting, cost-effective intervention of choice.Intensive One-Session Treatment of Specific Phobias not only provides a summary of the evidence base, it also serves as a practical reference and training guide. This concise volume examines the phenomenology, epidemiology, and etiology of phobias, laying the groundwork for subsequent discussion of assessment strategies, empirically sound one-session treatment methods, and special topics. In addition, expert contributors address challenges common to exposure therapy, offer age-appropriate guidelines for treating young clients, and describe innovative computer-assisted techniques.Organized to be read individually or in sequence, chapters delve into key areas, including:• Evidence-based assessment and treatment of specific phobias in children, adolescents, and adults.• One-session treatment theory and practice with children, adolescents, and adults.• Handling difficult cases of specific phobias in youth.• Interventions for specific phobias in special populations.• Training and assessing therapists in one-session treatment.• Ethical issues in considering exposure.Intensive One-Session Treatment of Specific Phobias is an essential resource for researchers, clinicians, and graduate students in child, school, clinical, and counseling psychology; social work; and general and special education.
17.	Lindner, Philip, et al. (author) Validation of the Internet-Administered Quality of Life Inventory (QOLI) in Different Psychiatric Conditions 2013 In: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1650-6073 .- 1651-2316. ; 42:4, s. 315-327 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The Quality of Life Inventory (QOLI) is an established rating scale of self-perceived quality of life across 16 domains. Norms for different psychiatric conditions when rated via the Internet, responsiveness to change following treatment, and the clinical impact of importance-weighting items have yet to be examined. To investigate these unanswered questions, important for the continued and expanded use of the QOLI, we compiled archival screening and post-treatment data from 20 studies featuring Internet-delivered psychological interventions for seven different psychiatric conditions and an undergraduate sample, totalling over 4000 participants. Disorder-specific norms were indicated by between-group analyses and are reported here, item-by-item. The QOLI showed adequate responsiveness to change and construct validity. Discrepancies were found when conducting between-group analyses with and without weighted items (more significant differences when items were not weighted) on both the screening and post-treatment data, suggesting that weighting is a procedure that is likely to have an impact when analysing QOLI results. Limitations and the needs for future research are discussed.
18.	Nordegreen, Tine, et al. (author) Outcome predictors in guided and unguided self-help for social anxiety disorder 2012 In: Behaviour Research and Therapy. - : Elsevier. - 0005-7967 .- 1873-622X. ; 50:1, s. 12-21 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Internet-based self-help with therapist guidance has shown promise as an effective treatment and may increase access to evidence-based psychological treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD). Although unguided self-help has been suggested primarily as a population-based preventive intervention, some studies indicate that patients with SAD may profit from unguided self-help. Gaining knowledge about predictors of outcome in guided and unguided self-help for SAD is important to ensure that these interventions can be offered to those who are most likely to respond. Utilizing a sample of 245 patients who received either guided or unguided self-help for SAD, the present study examined pre-treatment symptoms and program factors as predictors of treatment adherence and outcome. The results were in line with previous findings from the face-to-face treatment literature: namely, the intensity of baseline SAD symptoms, but not depressive symptoms, predicted treatment outcomes in both unguided and guided self-help groups. Outcomes were unrelated to whether a participant has generalized versus specific SAD. Furthermore, for the unguided self-help group, higher credibility ratings of the treatment program were associated with increased treatment adherence. The findings suggest that guided and unguided self-help may increase access to SAD treatment in a population that is more heterogeneous than previously assumed.
19.	Ollendick, Thomas H., et al. (author) Comorbidity in youth with specific phobias : Impact of comorbidity on treatment outcome and the impact of treatment on comorbid disorders 2010 In: Behaviour Research and Therapy. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0005-7967 .- 1873-622X. ; 48:9, s. 827-831 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The purpose of the present study was twofold. In an analysis of data from an existing randomized control trial of brief cognitive behavioral treatment onspecific phobias (One-Session Treatment, OST; Ollendick et al., 2009), we examined 1) the effect of comorbid specific phobias and other anxiety disorderson treatment outcomes, and 2) the effect of treatment of the specific phobia on these co-occurring disorders. These relations were explored in 100 youth presenting with animal, natural environment, situational, and “other” types of phobia. Youth were reliably diagnosed with the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Child and Parent versions (Silverman & Albano, 1996). Clinician severity ratings at post-treatment and 6-month follow-up were examined as were parent and child treatment outcome satisfaction measures. Results indicated that the presence of comorbid phobias or anxiety disordersdid not affect treatment outcomes; moreover, treatment of the targeted specific phobias led to significant reductions in the clinical severity of other co-occurring specific phobias and related anxiety disorders. These findings speak to the generalization of the effects of this time-limited treatment approach. Implications for treatment of principal and comorbid disorders are discussed, and possible mechanisms for these effects are commented upon.
20.	Reuterskiöld, Lena, et al. (author) Real World Applications of One-Session Treatment 2012. - 1 In: Intensive One-Session Treatment of Specific Phobias. - New York : Springer. - 9781461432524 ; , s. 127-141 Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) using cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and specifically one-session treatment (OST) for the treatment of a broad spectrum of specific phobias have been conducted in both adult and child samples, and across countries. Furthermore, in clinical practice, OST has been extended to include even more unusual phobias such as fish, mushrooms, knees, and ET (the Extra-Terrestrial movie character) with equally good treatment effects overall. Despite these positive outcomes the dissemination of OST in the real world has not been as evident. There are several explanations for why clinicians might not choose OST for patients presenting with various specific phobias.
21.	Thulin, Ulrika, et al. (author) The Effect of Parent Involvement in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Children : A Meta-Analysis 2014 In: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1650-6073 .- 1651-2316. ; 43:3, s. 185-200 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Among clinicians, it is common practice to include parents in treatment, and it has been taken for granted that parents' involvement in their children's treatment is beneficial for therapy outcome, although research on this issue is far from clear. A meta-analysis was carried out in order to investigate whether parent involvement potentiates the outcome for children with anxiety disorders when treated with cognitive-behavior therapy. Sixteen studies, which directly compared parent-involved treatments with child-only treatments, were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed a small, nonsignificant effect size of -0.10 in favor of the child-only treatments. There was no indication of publication bias in the analysis. Implications of the results are discussed.
22.	Vigerland, Sarah, et al. (author) Internet-Delivered CBT for Children with Specific Phobia : A Pilot Study 2013 In: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1650-6073 .- 1651-2316. ; 42:4, s. 303-314 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Background: Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been shown to be an effective treatment for specific phobia in youth, but not all affected seek or receive treatment. Internet-delivered CBT could be a way to increase the availability of empirically supported treatments. Aims: An open trial was conducted to evaluate Internet-delivered CBT for children with specific phobia. Method: Children (N=30) aged 8-12, and their parents, with a principal diagnosis of specific phobia were recruited through media advertisement. Participants received six weeks of Internet-delivered CBT with therapist support. The treatment was aimed for the parents and the children, with the first part being only for the parents. The primary outcome measure was the Clinician Severity Rating (CSR), and secondary measures included clinician-rated global functioning and child- and parent-reported anxiety and quality of life. All assessments were made at pretreatment, posttreatment, and three-month follow-up. Results: At posttreatment, there were significant reductions on the CSR, with a large within-group effect size (Cohen's d=1.0) and 35% of children no longer meeting criteria for specific phobia. Self-report measures from parents and children showed significant effects on anxiety, with small to moderate effect sizes. Effects were maintained at three-month follow-up. Conclusions: Results show that Internet-delivered CBT with therapist support for children with specific phobia has the potential to reduce symptom severity. Randomized controlled trials are needed to further evaluate this treatment format.
23.	Wergeland, Gro Janne H., et al. (author) An effectiveness study of individual vs. group cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders in youth 2014 In: Behaviour Research and Therapy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0005-7967 .- 1873-622X. ; 57, s. 1-12 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: Conducted a randomized controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and compared the relative effectiveness of individual (ICBT) and group (GCBT) treatment approaches for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.Methods: Referred youth (N = 182, M age = 11.5 years, range 8-15 years, 53% girls) with separation anxiety, social phobia, or generalized anxiety disorder were randomly assigned to ICBT, GCBT or a waitlist control (WLC) in community clinics. Pre-, post-, and one year follow-up assessments included youth and parent completed diagnostic interview and symptom measures. After comparing CBT (ICBT and GCBT combined) to WLC, ICBT and GCBT were compared along diagnostic recovery rates, clinically significant improvement, and symptom measures scores using traditional hypothesis tests, as well as statistical equivalence tests.Results: Significantly more youth lost all anxiety disorders after CBT compared to WLC. Full diagnostic recovery rate was 25.3% for ICBT and 20.5% in GCBT, which was not significantly different. There was continued lack of significant differences between ICBT and GCBT at one year follow-up. However, equivalence between GCBT and ICBT could only be demonstrated for clinical severity rating of the principal anxiety disorder and child reported anxiety symptoms post-treatment.Conclusion: Findings support the effectiveness of CBT compared to no intervention for youth with anxiety disorders, with no significant differences between ICBT and GCBT. However, the relatively low recovery rates highlight the need for further improvement of CBT programs and their transportability from university to community settings.
24.	Öst, Lars-Göran (author) Det empiriska stödet för KBT vid psykiska störningar 2013. - 2 In: KBT inom psykiatrin. - Stockholm : Natur och kultur. - 9789127135604 ; , s. 389-407 Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
25.	Öst, Lars-Göran (author) Forskningsdesigner 2012. - 1 In: Att göra effektutvärderingar. - Stockholm : Gothia Förlag AB. - 9789172058385 ; , s. 91-140 Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract Bokinformation: Varje år berörs hundratusentals personer av psykosociala och pedagogiska interventioner. Det handlar exempelvis om behandling av missbruk, insatser för utsatta barn och läsundervisning i grundskolan. Endast undantagsvis har dessa interventioner utvärderats, vilket innebär att vi inte vet vilken effekt de har eller om de rentav kan skada. I antologin Att göra effektutvärderingar beskrivs hur man genomför effektutvärderingar, som ger kunskap om hur interventioner fungerar. Boken ger detaljerad och praktisk vägledning som är till nytta för alla som är intresserade av att lära sig mer om effektutvärderingar – både forskarstuderande och forskare som redan ansvarat för effektutvärderingar. Ämnen som tas upp är bland annat forskningsetik, studiedesign, mätinstrument, urval och rekrytering av undersökningspersoner, datainsamling, ekonomiska analyser, dataanalys och tolkning samt rapportskrivning. Bokens författare har lång erfarenhet inom området och representerar olika discipliner såsom psykologi, folkhälsovetenskap, socialt arbete, pedagogik, statistik, epidemiologi, sociologi, evolutionsbiologi, medicinsk vetenskap och datavetenskap. Redaktör för boken är Knut Sundell, docent i psykologi och socialråd på Socialstyrelsen, som har lång erfarenhet av att utvärdera interventioner inom förskola, skola och socialtjänst.

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