| 1. |
- Al Maliki, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Chemometric Methods to Predict of Pb in Urban Soil from Port Pirie, South Australia, using Spectrally Active of Soil Carbon
- 2018
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Ingår i: Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0010-3624 .- 1532-2416. ; 49:11, s. 1370-1383
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A total of 73 soil samples were initially analyzed for lead (Pb) concentration as an indicator of the environment impact of smelter activity in the Port Pirie, South Australia. Chemometric techniques were used to assess the ability of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy to predict soil Pb using spectrally active soil characteristics such as soil carbon (C). The result indicated a strong linear relationship between log-transformed data of soil Pb and spectral reflectance in the range between 500 and 612 nm with R2 = 0.54 and a low root-mean-square error (RMSEv = 0.38) for the validation mode with an acceptable ratio of performance to deviation and ratio of error range (1.6 and 7.7, respectively). This study suggested that NIR spectroscopy based on auxiliary spectrally active components is a rapid and noninvasive assessment technique and has the ability to determine Pb contamination in urban soil to be useful in environmental health risk assessment.
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| 2. |
- Al-Anbari, Mohammad A., et al.
(författare)
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Landfill Site Selection by Weighted OverlayTechnique : Case Study of Al-Kufa, Iraq
- 2018
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - Switzerland : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 10:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Landfill siting is a hard and complex process. For this reason, it is considered as one of the major problems in waste management. This is due to the fact that a number of factors are involved within the process such as such as inhabitants’ growth, rapid economic growth, living standards improvements, etc. In Iraq, landfill siting does not follow environmental regulations. Al-Kufa city located is located south-western part of Iraq (area of 550 km2 and inhabitants 372,760). Existing landfills are not selected according to the environmental standards. Landfill site that is required was achieved using a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and spatial overlay analysis using a geographic information system (GIS). Many factors were considered in the siting process; including geology, water supplies resources, urban centers, sensitive sites, and wells. AHP (analytic hierarchy process) method was used in weighting the criteria used. The result showed that there are six sites most suitable covering an area about (113) km2.
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| 3. |
- Chabuk, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Landfill Final Cover Systems Design for Arid Areas Using the HELP Model : A Case Study in the Babylon Governorate, Iraq
- 2018
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 10:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main purpose of selecting proper designs for landfills is to accommodate quantities of waste without having a negative effect on the surrounding environment and human health. The Babylon Governorate (province) in Iraq was taken as an example of an arid area with very shallow groundwater and where irregular waste disposal sites had developed that had not been subject to international standards when they were selected for landfill use. In the current study, the suggested design for landfills is a base liner and final cover system. In this suggested design, the final cover system allows for three scenarios. The first scenario considers an evapotranspiration soil cover (ET) (capillary barriers type), the second scenario is a modified cover design of “RCRA Subtitle D”, and the third scenario is a combination of the first and second scenarios. The HELP 3.95 D model was applied to the selected landfill sites in the governorate to check if there was any penetration of the leachate that might in future percolate from the landfill’s bottom barrier layer in arid areas. The results from the suggested landfill design showed that there was no leachate percolation from the bottom barrier layer using the second and third scenarios. For the first scenario, however, there was a small amount of leachate through the bottom barrier layer in the years 2013 and 2014.
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| 4. |
- Abbas, Nahlah, et al.
(författare)
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Recent Trends and Long-Range Forecasts of Water Resources of Northeast Iraq and Climate Change Adaptation Measures
- 2018
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Ingår i: Water. - Switzerland : MDPI. - 2073-4441. ; 10:11, s. 1-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iraq has been experiencing water resources scarcity, and is vulnerable to climate change. Analysis of historical data revealed that the region is experiencing climate change to a degree higher than generally reported elsewhere. The relationship between climate change and its effect on water resources of a region has been sparsely addressed in published literature. To fill that gap this research work first investigates if there has been a significant change in climate in the region, which has been found to be true. In the next stage, the research projects future climatic scenarios of the region based on six oft-used General CirculationModel (GCM) ensembles, namely CCSM4, CSIRO-Mk3.6.0, GFDL-ESM2M, MEROC5, HadGEM2-ES, and IPSL-CM5A-LR. The relationship between climate change and its impact on water resources is explored through the application of the popular, widely used SWAT model. The model depicts the availability of water resources, classified separately as blue and green waters, for near and distant futures for the region. Some of the findings are foreboding and warrants urgent attention of planners and decision makers. According to model outputs, the region may experience precipitation reduction of about 12.6% and 21% in near (2049–2069) and distant (2080–2099) futures, respectively under RCP8.5. Those figures under RCP4.5 are 15% and 23.4%, respectively and under RCP2.6 are 12.2% and 18.4%, respectively. As a consequence, the blue water may experience decreases of about 22.6% and 40% under RCP8.5, 25.8% and 46% under RCP4.5, and 34.4% and 31% under RCP2.6 during the periods 2049–2069 and 2080–2099, respectively. Green water, by contrast, may reduce by about 10.6% and 19.6% under RCP8.5, by about 14.8% and 19.4% under RCP4.5, and by about 15.8% and 14.2% under RCP2.6 during the periods 2049–2069 and 2080–2099, respectively. The research further investigates how the population are adapting to already changed climates and how they are expected to cope in the future when the shift in climate is expected to be much greater.
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| 5. |
- Abdullah, Twana, et al.
(författare)
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Possibility of Groundwater Pollution in Halabja Saidsadiq Hydrogeological Basin, Iraq Using Modified DRASTIC Model Based on AHP andTritium Isotopes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Geosciences. - : MDPI. - 2076-3263. ; 8:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An anthropogenic activity is one of the most severe environmental causes for groundwatercontamination in the urban area. Groundwater thought to be one of the principal sources of water supply in Halabja Saidsadiq Basin, and therefore its vulnerability evaluation to define areas that are more vulnerable to pollution is incredibly vital. The objectives of this paper are to reveal weight modified of DRASTIC model based on the Analytical Hierarchical Process to estimate the proportional likelihood of groundwater resources pollution. Tritium isotopes analysis was chosen and applied as a pollution marker to confirm the result of this adjustment. Based on this modification, vulnerability classes that were achieved for the studied basin were alienated into five classes, including very low, low, medium, high, and very high, with vulnerability index value of (<100, >100–125, >125–150,>150–200, and >200), respectively.
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| 6. |
- Al-Ansari, Nadhir, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Present Water Crises in Iraq and Its Human and Environmental Implications
- 2018
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 10:6, s. 305-319
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iraq is facing a serious water shortage problem now, which has not been experienced before. This is because of the reduction of flow of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers which is due to the implementation of hydrological projects within the upstream part of the catchment and climate change. Mismanagement of water resources within Iraq made the problem graver. It is believed that serious discussion with all riparian countries to reach an agreement to share the water of the two rivers and their tributaries is desperately needed. In addition, a prudent scientific strategy should be implemented and put into practice to overcome this problem in Iraq. In addition, the key positions within the Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources should be given to people having real experience in the water resources sector to ensure discreet and prudent management of the problem.
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| 7. |
- Alkaradaghi, Karwan, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of Land Use & Land Cover Change Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Imagery : A Case Study Sulaimaniyah Governorate, Iraq
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Geographic Information System. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 2151-1950 .- 2151-1969. ; 10:6, s. 247-260
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Land use & land cover change detection in rapid growth urbanized area have been studied by many researchers and there are many works on this topic. Commonly, settlement sprawl in area depends on many factors such as economic prosperity and population growth. Iraq is one of the countries which witnessed rapid development in the settlement area. Remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) are analytical software technologies to evaluate this familiar worldwide phenomenon. This study illustrates settlement development in Sulaimaniyah Governorate from 2001 to 2017 using Landsat satellite imageries of different periods. All images had been classified using remote sensing software in order to proceed powerful mapping of land use classification. Maximum likelihood method is used in the accurately extracted solution information from geospatial imagery. Landsat images from the study area were categorized into four different classes. These are: forest, vegetation, soil, and settlement. Change detection analysis results illustrate that in the face of an explosive demographic shift in the settlement area where the record + 8.99 percent which is equivalent to 51.80 Km2 over a 16-year period and settlement area increasing from 3.87 percent in 2001 to 12.86 percent in 2017. Accuracy assessment model was used to evaluate (LULC) classified images. Accuracy results show an overall accuracy of 78.83% to 90.09% from 2001 to 2017 respectively while convincing results of Kappa coefficient given between substantial and almost perfect agreements. This study will help decision-makers in urban plan for future city development.
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| 8. |
- Ameen, Ameen Mohammed Salih, et al.
(författare)
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Minimizing the Principle Stresses of Powerhoused Rock-Fill Dams Using Control Turbine Running Units: Application of Finite Element Method
- 2018
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Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI. - 2073-4441. ; 10:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study focuses on improving the safety of embankment dams by considering theeffects of vibration due to powerhouse operation on the dam body. The study contains two ainparts. In the first part, ANSYS-CFX is used to create the three-dimensional (3D) Finite Volume (FV)model of one vertical Francis turbine unit. The 3D model is run by considering various reservoirconditions and the dimensions of units. The Re-Normalization Group (RNG) k-?? turbulence modelis employed, and the physical properties of water and the flow haracteristics are defined in theturbine model. In the second phases, a 3D finite element (FE) numerical model for a rock-fill dam iscreated by using ANSYS®, considering the dam connection with its powerhouse represented by fourvertical Francis turbines, foundation, and the upstream reservoir. Changing the upstream watertable minimum and maximum water levels, standers earth gravity, fluid-solid interface, hydrostaticpressure, and the soil properties are onsidered. The dam model runs to cover all possibilities forturbines operating in accordance with the reservoir discharge ranges. In order to minimize stressesin the dam body and increase dam safety, this study optimizes the turbine operating system byintegrating turbine and dam models.
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| 9. |
- Baby, Sultana Nasrin, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial Decision Support System for Coastal Zone Management under a Changing Climate in Victoria, Australia
- 2018
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 10:10, s. 637-642
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ultimate aim of using spatial datasets and spatial data modelling is fo- cused on enabling a sustainable environment by bringing the public policies into practice. The consequence will be sustainable spatially aware strategic planning for all levels of Australian government. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are the platform that can serve this aim provided that model, current process and spatial datasets are fit for purpose. To bring public policy into practice a broad range of knowledge from different disciplines is needed. Most decision making processes are pressured in terms of time and driving forces and also the process is beyond the knowledge of individuals in the var- ious disciplines. There is a need for immediate uptake models and tools which are relevant to the target subject that will facilitate this decision making process. This paper focuses on realizing the utility in spatial data and spatial data handling in order to help climate change adaptation programs at local government level. Web-based mapping tools can assist planners prepare for the changing climate conditions in Bass Coast Shire Council. The GIS team has gathered data from various climate research organizations to understand projections of what different climate scenarios might look like over the next 100-year period. From this website demo it is hoped that the user will under- stand how the tool works, background information on different GIS plat- forms, access to interactive mapping, online geospatial analysis tools, videos, open source resource, sea level tools, modelling, 3D visualization and direct download access to various planning and natural resource data sets relating to environment management. Some results from our elevation data analysesthrough these Web map visualization tools are provided.
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| 10. |
- Chabuk, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Application of the HELP Model for Landfill Design in AridAreas : Case Study Babylon Governorate, Iraq
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. - USA : David Publishing Company. - 1934-7359 .- 1934-7367. ; 12:12, s. 848-879
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The landfill design is necessary to be implemented in various regions to protect public human health and the factors ofenvironment. The suggested design of landfill was performed in the arid areas, where that Babylon Governorate, Iraq was selected as a case study. Babylon overnorate is located in the middle of Iraq. The suggested design for the selected sites for landfill in the arid areas was consisted of the base liner and final cover systems. The HELP 3.95D model was applied on both systems to check if there is any leakage by leachate from the suggested soil layers of landfill base on the water balance in Babylon Governorate for the years 2005-2016. The suggested design of final cover system was implemented based on weather parameters in the arid areas through storing water that coming from the surface within upper layers that have fine particles and over the top barrier without leakage into the waste body, thereby preventing leachate generation. This is allowing to the stored water to evaporate from the surface of soil or transpire through vegetation due to the high temperature during the most months in the study area. The results showed there was no percolation of leachate through the base liner system. The design of final cover system was acted to reduce the runoff on the surface and increase theactual evaporation.
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| 11. |
- Ezz-Aldeen, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Watershed Sediment and Its Effect on Storage Capacity : Case Study of Dokan Dam Reservoir
- 2018
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Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI. - 2073-4441. ; 10:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dokan is a multipurpose dam located on the Lesser Zab River in the Iraq/Kurdistan region. The dam has operated since 1959, and it drains an area of 11,690 km2. All reservoirs in the world suffer from sediment deposition. It is one of the main problems for reservoir life sustainability. Sustainable reservoir sediment-management practices enable the reservoir to function for a longer period of time by reducing reservoir sedimentation. This study aims to assess the annual runoff and sediment loads of the Dokan Dam watershed using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model to evaluate the relative contributions in comparison with the total values delivered from both watershed and Lesser Zab River and to identify the basins with a high sediment load per unit area. These help in the process of developing a plan and strategy to manage sediment inflow and deposition. The SUFI-2 program was applied for a model calibrated based on the available field measurements of the adjacent Derbendekhan Dam watershed, which has similar geological formations, characteristics and weather. For the calibration period (1961–1968), the considered statistical criteria of determination coefficients and Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency were 0.75 and 0.64 for runoff while the coefficients were 0.65 and 0.63 for sediment load, respectively. The regionalization technique for parameter transformation from Derbendekhan to Dokan watershed was applied. Furthermore, the model was validated based on transformed parameters and the available observed flow at the Dokan watershed for the period (1961–1964); they gave reasonable results for the determination coefficients and Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency, which were 0.68 and 0.64, respectively. The results of SWAT project simulation for Dokan watershed for the period (1959–2014) indicated that the average annual runoff volume which entered the reservoir was about 2100 million cubic meters (MCM). The total sediment delivered to the reservoir was about 72 MCM over the 56 years of dam life, which is equivalent to 10% of the reservoir dead storage. Two regression formulas were presented to correlate the annual runoff volume and sediment load with annual rain depth for the studied area. In addition, a spatial distribution of average annual sediment load was constructed to identify the sub basin of the high contribution of sediment load.
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| 12. |
- Hou, Muzhou, et al.
(författare)
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Global Solar Radiation Prediction Using Hybrid Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine Model
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 11:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accurate global solar radiation prediction is highly essential for related research on renewable energy sources. The cost implication and measurement expertise of global solar radiationemphasize that intelligence prediction models need to be applied. On the basis of long-term measured daily solar radiation data, this study uses a novel regularized online sequential extreme learning machine, integrated with variable forgetting factor (FOS-ELM), to predict global solar radiation at Bur Dedougou, in the Burkina Faso region. Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) is applied to build the seven input combinations based on speed (Wspeed), maximum and minimum temperature (Tmax and Tmin), maximum and minimum humidity (Hmax and Hmin), evaporation (Eo) and vapor pressure deficiency (VPD). For the difference input parameters magnitudes, seven models were developed and evaluated for the optimal input combination. Various statistical indicators were computed for the prediction accuracy examination. The experimental results of the applied FOS-ELM model demonstrated a reliable prediction accuracy against the classical extreme learning machine (ELM) model for daily global solar radiation simulation. In fact, compared to classical ELM, the FOS-ELM model reported an enhancement in the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error(MAE) by (68.8–79.8%). In summary, the results clearly confirm the effectiveness of the FOS-ELM model, owing to the fixed internal tuning parameters.
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| 13. |
- Huda M., Madhloom, et al.
(författare)
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Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing for WaterResources Management Case Study : The Diyala River, Iraq
- 2018
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Ingår i: International J. of Civil Engineering and Technology. - India : IAEME Publication. - 0976-6308. ; 9:12, s. 971-984
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Utilizing Geographical Information System (GIS) in the management of water resources, especially, in the quality of surface water, constiytutes a worthwile attempt made in the improvement and control the levels of pollution in the water. In this paper, GIS technology was used in conjunction with Water Quality Index (WQI) to assess the suitability for onsumption of water in the souther within Baghdad City for human needs based on the set of monthly measurements during the period from January to December 2016. The variables measured in seven monitoring stations along the studied reach of the river were: Total Di(T.D.S), Total Hardness (T.H), Sulphate ion (SO Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BODhigher than the permissible limits specified by Iraqi and WHO regulations for the dand wet seasons. The digital pollution maps showed that the pollution moved from extremely polluted zones near the outfalls of wastewater to low polluted zones near the confluence of the Diyala and Tigris techniques are among the most effective methods to display the seasonal variability onwater quality, which can be used by the decision makers.
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| 14. |
- Li, Jing, et al.
(författare)
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A Systematic Operation Program of a Hydropower Plant Based on Minimizing the Principal Stress : Haditha Dam Case Study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Water. - Switerland : MDPI. - 2073-4441. ; 10:1270, s. 2-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dam operation and management have become more complex recently because of the need for considering hydraulic structure sustainability and environmental protect on. An Earthfill dam that includes a powerhouse system is considered as a significant multipurpose hydraulic structure. Understanding the effects of running hydropower plant turbines on the dam body is one of the major safety concerns for earthfill dams. In this research, dynamic analysis of earthfill dam, integrated with a hydropower plant system containing six vertical Kaplan turbines (i.e., Haditha dam), is investigated.In the first stage of the study, ANSYS-CFX was used to represent one vertical Kaplan turbine unit by designing a three-dimensional (3-D) finite element (FE) model. This model was used to differentiate between the effect of turbine units’ operation on dam stability in accordance to maximum and minimum reservoir upstream water levels, and the varying flowrates in a fully open gate condition. In the second stage of the analysis, an ANSYS-static modeling approach was used to develop a 3-D FE earthfill dam model. The water pressure pattern determined on the boundary of the running turbine model is transformed into the pressure at the common area of the dam body with turbines. The model is inspected for maximum and minimum upstream water levels. Findings indicate that the water stress fluctuations on the dam body are proportional to the inverse distance from the turbine region. Also, it was found that the cone and outlet of the hydropower turbine system are the most affected regions when turbine is running. Based on the attained results, a systematic operation program was proposed in order to control the running hydropower plant with minimized principal stress atselected nodes on the dam model and the six turbines.
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| 15. |
- Nasrin Baby, Sultana, et al.
(författare)
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Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources of AryCreek, Inverloch, Victoria
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. - USA : David Publishing Company. - 1934-7359 .- 1934-7367. ; 12:10, s. 727-740
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding urban wetland ecosystem services structure allows managers to base restoration efforts on multiple user end-benefits. Ary Creek can provide the coupled function of improving water quality and mitigating floods through delayed stormwater flow. It is fundamental to identify areas surrounded by water for the safety of individual should in case the water level raise beyond areasonable doubt and might cause a flood. For many years, the Ary Creek catchment in Inverloch has been flooding and causing great problems for the inhabitants as well as the environment. The procedure is to develop models of the area around the catchment or watershed using Victorian Coastal LiDAR and other input data from the GIS (geographic information system). This study uses the real-time simulation in ArcSWAT—ArcGIS 10.3 and 3D in ArcScene 10.3, and the variables obtained from the soil and water assessment tool ArcSWAT such as the land use, soil and slope are the parameters measured to induce the flood. When certain portions of the Hydrologic response unit HRU, land use, soil or slope is changed due to temporal adjustment and climate change, then the model can predict zones of low, moderate and high flood risk. The 3D simulations appear to produce a visual model for decision-making, planning, management, and mitigation. The simulation helps in determining the extent of the flood by using animation.
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| 16. |
- O. Abdullah, Twana, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability to Pollution Using VLDA and COP Models in Halabja Saidsadiq Basin, Iraq
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. - New York : David Publishing Company. - 1934-7359 .- 1934-7367. ; 12:11, s. 798-809
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Groundwater aquifer in the Halabja and Saidsadiq Basin considered being one of the most important aquifers in terms of water supplying in Kurdistan Region, NE of Iraq. The growing of economics, irrigation and agricultural activities inside the basin makes it of the main essentials to the region. Therefore, pollution of groundwater is of specific worry as groundwater resources are the principal source of water for drinking, agriculture, irrigation and industrial activities. Thus, the best and practical arrangement is to keep the pollution of groundwater through. The current study aims the evaluation of the vulnerability of groundwater aquifers of the study area. Two models were applied, to be specific VLDA and COP to develop maps of groundwater vulnerability for contamination. The VLDA model classified the area into four classes of vulnerability with each covered area: low (2%), moderate (44%), high (53%) and very high (1%). While four vulnerability classes were accomplished dependent on COP model including very low, low, moderate and high vulnerability classes with coverage areas of (1%, 37%, 2% and 60%) respectively. To confirm the suitability of each map for assessment of groundwater vulnerability in the area, it required to be validated of the theoretical sympathetic of current hydrogeological conditions. In this study, groundwater age evaluated utilizing tritium isotopes investigation and applied it to validate the vulnerability results. Based on this validation, the outcome exhibits that the vulnerability classes acquired utilizing VLDA model are more predictable contrasted with the COP model.
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| 17. |
- Sissakian, Varoujan, et al.
(författare)
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Geological and Geotechnical Study of Badush Dam, Iraq
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Badush Dam is a combined earthfill and concrete buttress dam; uncompleted, it is planned to be a protection dam downstream of Mosul Dam, which impounds the Tigris River. Mosul Dam is also an earthfill dam; it is the largest dam in Iraq. The safety of Mosul Dam is a matter of debate since its commissioning in 1986. This is attributed to the geological conditions at the dam site are not suitable due to thick exposures of karstified gypsum rocks, which extend, deep down, into the foundations. Therefore, Badush Dam was planned and designed to protect the population and present infrastructures downstream of Mosul Dam, if the latter would collapse. The geological conditions at Badush Dam site are similar to those at Mosul Dam site, which means; the foundations of the dam, are located on karstified gypsum beds also. Grouting works were planned and designed, and they were partly performed simultaneously with the beginning of the construction of Badush Dam in 1988 and continued until the suspension of the construction in 1991. The constructed parts attained about (30 – 40)% of the work items. The design of the Badush Dam indicates clearly the temporary nature of its use, which is reflected in the thin inclined clay core and other embankment details. The basic design considerations of the dam were to have a dam, which is high enough to contain the full volume of Mosul Dam wave of 10 X 109 m3 when routed through its reservoir, and to limit at the same time the released discharge within the capacity across the downstream reach of the river without causing flooding. In this study, we have presented and discussed the geological and engineering geological conditions; whether Badush Dam can function as a protection dam or can it be remodeled to become a normal storage dam to replace Mosul Dam.
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| 18. |
- Yaseen, Zaher Mundher, et al.
(författare)
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The Integration of Nature-Inspired Algorithms with Least Square Support Vector Regression Models : Application to Modeling River Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
- 2018
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Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI. - 2073-4441. ; 10:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current study investigates an improved version of Least Square Support VectorMachines integrated with a Bat Algorithm (LSSVM-BA) for modeling the dissolved oxygen (DO)concentration in rivers. The LSSVM-BA model results are compared with those obtained using M5Tree and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (MARS) models to show the efficacy of this novelintegrated model. The river water quality data at three monitoring stations located in the USA areconsidered for the simulation of DO concentration. Eight input combinations of four water quality parameters, namely, water temperature, discharge, pH, and specific conductance, are used to simulate the DO concentration. The results revealed the superiority of the LSSVM-BA model over the M5 Tree and MARS models in the prediction of river DO. The accuracy of the LSSVM-BA model compared with those of the M5 Tree and MARS models is found to increase by 20% and 42%, respectively, in terms of the root-mean-square error. All the predictive models are found to perform best when all the four water quality variables are used as input, which indicates that it is possible to supply more information to the predictive model by way of incorporation of all the water quality variables.
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| 19. |
- Zainy, Maher T., et al.
(författare)
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Geometric Analysis of the Minor Structures in Iraqi Part of the Zagros Belt, NE Iraq
- 2018
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Ingår i: 9th International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology 07-11 May 2018 Antalya-Turkey. - Turkey : Academic Conferences Publishing. - 9786054483501 ; , s. 324-324
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Geometric analysis was carried out on part of the Zagros Belt, along the border between Iraq andIran, within rocks of Cretaceous age, which are composed of alternative sequences of competentand incompetent layers, and it contains a number of minor structures. The minor folds identifiedwithin the study area have different shapes, orientations and sizes, and exhibit high intensityfolding. Their wave length and amplitude range from few centimeters up to tens of meters. They areranged from gentle to tight according to the Fleuty, 1964 classification. Class 1B is dominated andfollowed by class 1C according to the Ramsay, 1967. The orientation of the minor folds, theirrelation with the major structures, variance in their shapes and sizes and difference interlimb angle,all indicate that they were developed progressively and in harmony with the major structuredevelopment. It can be concluded that the congruous and subcongruous minor folds weredeveloped successively during a single phase of deformation with simulation of variouscompressive stress directions (generally, at NE-SW and E-W), and the reorientation of the stressfield from one direction to another is attributed to the oblique collision between the Arabian andEurasian plates and to the anticlockwise rotation of the Arabian plate relative to Eurasian plate.
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