| 1. |
- Ashraf, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Self-reported use of tobacco products in nine rural INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems in Asia
- 2009
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1654-9716 .- 1654-9880. ; 2, s. 19-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is the most preventable cause of premature death and disability. Even though tobacco use is common in many Asian countries, reliable and comparable data on the burden imposed by tobacco use in this region are sparse, and surveillance systems to track trends are in their infancy.OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the prevalence of tobacco use and its associated factors in nine selected rural sites in five Asian countries.METHODS: Tobacco use among 9,208 men and 9,221 women aged 25-64 years in nine Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) sites in five Asian countries of the INDEPTH Network were examined in 2005 as part of a broader survey of the major chronic non-communicable disease risk factors. All sites used a standardised protocol based on the WHO STEPS approach to risk factor surveillance; expanded questions of local relevance, including chewing tobacco, were also included. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess demographic factors associated with tobacco use.RESULTS: Tobacco use, whether smoked or chewed, was common across all sites with some notable variations. More than 50% of men smoked daily; this applied to almost all age groups. Few women smoked daily in any of the sites. However, women were more likely to chew tobacco than men in all sites except Vadu in India. Tobacco use in men began in late adolescence in most of the sites and the number of cigarettes smoked daily ranged from three to 15. Use of both forms of tobacco, smoked and chewed, was associated with age, gender and education. Men were more likely to smoke compared to women, smoking increased with age in the four sites in Bangladesh but not in other sites and with low level of education in all the sites.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of tobacco use, regardless of the type of tobacco, was high among men in all of these rural populations with tobacco use started during adolescence in all HDSS sites. Innovative communication strategies for behaviour change targeting adolescents in schools and adult men and women at work or at home, may create a mass awareness about adverse health consequences of tobacco smoking or chewing tobacco. Such efforts, to be effective, however, need to be supported by strong legislation and leadership. Only four of the five countries involved in this multi-site study have ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and even where it has been ratified, implementation is uneven.
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| 2. |
- Fulati, Alimujiang, et al.
(författare)
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Miniaturized pH Sensors Based on Zinc Oxide Nanotubes/Nanorods
- 2009
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Ingår i: SENSORS. - : MDPI AG. - 1424-8220. ; 9:11, s. 8911-8923
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ZnO nanotubes and nanorods grown on gold thin film were used to create pH sensor devices. The developed ZnO nanotube and nanorod pH sensors display good reproducibility, repeatability and long-term stability and exhibit a pH-dependent electrochemical potential difference versus an Ag/AgCl reference electrode over a large dynamic pH range. We found the ZnO nanotubes provide sensitivity as high as twice that of the ZnO nanorods, which can be ascribed to the fact that small dimensional ZnO nanotubes have a higher level of surface and subsurface oxygen vacancies and provide a larger effective surface area with higher surface-to-volume ratio as compared to ZnO nanorods, thus affording the ZnO nanotube pH sensor a higher sensitivity. Experimental results indicate ZnO nanotubes can be used in pH sensor applications with improved performance. Moreover, the ZnO nanotube arrays may find potential application as a novel material for measurements of intracellular biochemical species within single living cells.
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| 3. |
- Sharma, Hari Shanker, et al.
(författare)
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Chronic Treatment with Nanoparticles Exacerbate Hyperthermia Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown, Cognitive Dysfunction and Brain Pathology in the Rat : Neuroprotective Effects of Nanowired-Antioxidant Compound H-290/51
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. - 1533-4880 .- 1533-4899. ; 9:8, s. 5073-5090
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The possibility that chronic exposure of nanoparticles may alter stress reaction and brain pathology following hyperthermia was examined in a rat model. Engineered nanoparticles from Ag or M Cu (approximate to 50-60 nm) were administered (30 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily for 1 week in young male rats. M On the 8th day these animals were subjected to 4 h heat stress at 38 degrees C in a BOD incubator. In these animals stress symptoms, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, cognitive and motor functions and brain pathology were examined. Subjection of nanoparticle treated rats to heat stress showed exacerbation of stress symptoms i.e., hyperthermia, salivation and prostration and exhibited greater BBB disruption, brain edema formation, impairment of cognitive and motor functions M and brain damage compared to normal animals. This enhanced brain pathology in heat stress was most marked in animals that received Ag nanoparticles compared to Cu treatment. Treatment with antioxidant compound H-290/51 either 30 min or 60 min after heat stress did not alter hyperthermia M induce brain pathology in nanoparticle treated rats. Whereas, administration of nanowired-H-290/51 after 30 min or 60 min heat stress markedly attenuated BBB disruption, sensory motor function and brain pathology. These results suggest that chronic nanoparticles treatment exacerbate hyperthermia induced brain pathology that is significantly attenuated by nanowired but not normal H-290/51 compound. Taken together, our observations suggest that nano-wired drug delivery of H-290/51 is a promising approach to induce neuroprotection in hyperthermia induced brain pathology, not reported earlier.
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| 4. |
- Sharma, Hari S., et al.
(författare)
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Influence of Engineered Nanoparticles from Metals on the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability, Cerebral Blood Flow, Brain Edema and Neurotoxicity : An Experimental Study in the Rat and Mice Using Biochemical and Morphological Approaches
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. - 1533-4880 .- 1533-4899. ; 9:8, s. 5055-5072
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Influence of nanoparticles on brain function following in vivo exposures is not well known. Depending on the magnitude and intensity of nanoparticle exposure from the environment, food and/or water source, neuronal function could be affected and may lead to neurotoxicity and neuropathology. This hypothesis was examined in present investigation using systemic or intracerebroventricular administration of engineered nanoparticles from metals, i.e., Al, Ag and Cu (approximate to 50 to 60 nm) on neurotoxicity in rats and mice. Intraperitoneal (50 mg/kg), intravenous (30 mg/kg), intracarotid (2.5 mg/kg) or intracerebroventricular administration (20 mu g) of nanoparticles significantly altered the blood-brain barrier (BBB) function to Evans blue and radioiodine in several regions of the brain and spinal cord at 24 h after their administration. Marked decreases in local cerebral blood flow (CBF) and pronounced brain edema was seen in regional areas associated with BBB leakage. Neuronal cell injuries, glial cell activation, heat shock protein (HSP) upregulation and loss of myelinated fibers are quite common in effected brain areas. The observed pathological changes were most pronounced in mice compared to rats. Exposures to Cu and Ag nanoparticles showed most marked effects on brain pathology when administered into systemic circulation or into the brain ventricular spaces as compared to Al nanoparticles. Our results are the first to show that nanoparticles from metals are able to induce selective and specific neurotoxicity that depends on the type of metals, route of administration and the species used.
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| 5. |
- Usman Ali, Syed M., et al.
(författare)
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Glucose Detection With a Commercial MOSFET Using a ZnO Nanowires Extended Gate
- 2009
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology. - 1536-125X. ; 8:6, s. 678-683
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ZnO nanowires were grown on Ag wire with a diameter of similar to 250 mu m and used in an electrochemical sensor. The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOD) was immobilized on the ZnO nanowires, and the Ag wire was connected directly to the gate of a MOSFET. Upon exposure to glucose (1-100 mu M), the electrochemical response from the GOD induced a stable measurable voltage change on the gate leading to a strong modulation of the current through the MOSFET. For a sensor with uniform ZnO nanowires functionalized with GOD, a fast response time of less than 100 ms was demonstrated. The effect of the uniformity of the ZnO nanowires on the sensing property was also investigated. The extended-gate arrangement facilitated glucose detection in small sample volumes, and made it possible to demonstrate the present sensor concept using a standard low-threshold MOSFET. The extended-gate MOSFET sensor approach demonstrates the possibility and potential of the use of nanostructures coupled to standard electronic components for biosensing applications.
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