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Sökning: WFRF:(Anderson Kristin) > (2005-2009)

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1.
  • Anderson, Kristin, 1977- (författare)
  • Cost-Distortion Measures for Broadcast Encryption
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: NordSec 2005. Student session,2005.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In a typical broadcast encryption scenario, a sender wishes to securely transmit messages to a subset of receivers, the intended set, using a broadcast channel. Several schemes for broadcast encryption exist and they allow the sender to reach a privileged set of receivers and by the use of encryption block all others from receiving the message. Most of the existing broadcast encryption literature assumes that the intended set and the privileged set are equal but this is not always necessary. In some applications a slight difference between the intended and the privileged set may be tolerated if the cost of transmitting the message decreases sufficiently. It has been suggested that a few free-riders, users not in the intended set but in the privileged set, may be allowed in some scenarios. In rare cases the opposite could also be possible, that is some users are in the intended set but not in the privileged set. Our approach is to use the information theoretic concept of distortion to measure the discrepancy between the intended and the privileged sets. As a cost measure we use the average number of transmissions required to send one message. As an example of the use for these measures we have developed three simple algorithms that aim to lower the cost by adding some distortion; one greedy algorithm and two versions of an algorithm based on randomness. By simulations we have compared them using our cost and distortion measures. The subset difference (SD) scheme has been used as the underlying broadcast encryption scheme. The greedy algorithm is not tightly bound to the SD scheme while the two randomness-based algorithms take some use of the properties of the SD scheme.
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2.
  • Anderson, Kristin, 1977-, et al. (författare)
  • Effects of User Adjacency in the Subset Difference Scheme for Broadcast Encryption
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Radiovetenskap och Kommunikation, RVK05,2005.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We consider the broadcast encryption problem where one sender wishes to transmit messages securely to a selected set of receivers using a broadcast channel, as is the case in digital television for example. Specifically, we study the subset difference scheme for broadcast encryption and the number of broadcast transmissions required when using this scheme. The effects of adjacency in the user set are considered and we introduce the notion of transitions in the user set as a means to quantify the adjacency. We present upper and lower bounds for the number of transmissions based on the number of transitions between privileged and nonprivileged users in the user set. For cases where the privileged users are gathered in a few groups we derive the maximum number of transmissions.
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3.
  • Anderson, Kristin, 1977-, et al. (författare)
  • The Algebraic Structure of a Broadcast Encryption Scheme
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Radiovetenskap och Kommunikation, RVK05,2005.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this paper we consider the subset difference scheme for broadcast encryption and count the number of required broadcast transmissions when using this scheme. The subset difference scheme organizes receivers in a tree structure and we note that isomorphic trees yield the same number of required broadcast transmissions. Based on the isomorphism the trees can be partitioned into classes. We suggest to use the vast amount of tools available from the theory of groups to analyze the subset difference scheme and therefore we formulate the mappings between isomorphic trees using concepts from group theory. Finally we identify some research issues for further study of the performance of the subset difference scheme using group theory.
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4.
  • Anderson, Kristin, 1977- (författare)
  • Tree Structures in Broadcast Encryption
  • 2005
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The need for broadcast encryption arises when a sender wishes to securely distribute messages to varying subsets of receivers, using a broadcast channel, for instance in a pay-TV scenario. This is done by selecting subsets of users and giving all users in the same subset a common decryption key. The subsets will in general be overlapping so that each user belongs to many subsets and has several different decryption keys. When the sender wants to send a message to some users, the message is encrypted using keys that those users have. In this thesis we describe some broadcast encryption schemes that have been proposed in the literature. We focus on stateless schemes which do not require receivers to update their decryption keys after the initial keys have been received; particularly we concentrate on the Subset Difference (SD) scheme.We consider the effects that the logical placement of the receivers in the tree structure used by the SD scheme has on the number of required transmissions for each message. Bounds for the number of required transmissions are derived based on the adjacency of receivers in the tree structure. The tree structure itself is also studied, also resulting in bounds on the number of required transmissions based on the placement of the users in the tree structure.By allowing a slight discrepancy between the set of receivers that the sender intends to send to and the set of receivers that actually can decrypt the message, we can reduce the cost in number of transmissions per message. We use the concept of distortion to quantify the discrepancy and develop three simple algorithms to illustrate how the cost and distortion are related.
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5.
  • Genkinger, Jeanine M., et al. (författare)
  • Alcohol Intake and Pancreatic Cancer Risk : A Pooled Analysis of Fourteen Cohort Studies
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. - 1055-9965 .- 1538-7755. ; 18:3, s. 765-776
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Few risk factors have been implicated in pancreatic cancer etiology. Alcohol has been theorized to promote carcinogenesis. However, epidemiologic studies have reported inconsistent results relating alcohol intake to pancreatic cancer risk. Methods: We conducted a pooled analysis of the primary data from 14 prospective cohort studies. The study sample consisted of 862,664 individuals among whom 2,187 incident pancreatic cancer cases were identified. Study-specific relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models and then pooled using a random effects model. Results: A slight positive association with pancreatic cancer risk was observed for alcohol intake (pooled multivariate relative risk, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.45 comparing >= 30 to 0 grams/day of alcohol; P value, test for between-studies heterogeneity = 0.80). For this comparison, the positive association was only statistically significant among women although the difference in the results by gender was not statistically significant (P value, test for interaction = 0.19). Slightly stronger results for alcohol intake were observed when we limited the analysis to cases with adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. No statistically significant associations were observed for alcohol from wine, beer, and spirits comparing intakes of >= 5 to 0 grams/day. A stronger positive association between alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer risk was observed among normal weight individuals compared with overweight and obese individuals (P value, test for interaction = 0.01). Discussion: Our findings are consistent with a modest increase in risk of pancreatic cancer with consumption of 30 or more grams of alcohol per day. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(3):765-76)
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6.
  • Koushik, Anita, et al. (författare)
  • Intake of the major carotenoids and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Ctr Canc Prevent, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol & Community Hlth, Minneapolis, MN USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Div Prevent Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Buffalo, NY USA. TNO, Qual Life, Dept Food & Chem Risk Anal, NL-3700 AJ Zeist, Netherlands. Karolinska Inst, Natl Inst Environm Med, Div Nutrit Epidemiol, Stockholm, Sweden. NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Amer Canc Soc, Epidemiol & Surveillance Res, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Univ Toronto, Fac Med, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Epidemiol & Populat Hlth, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Maastricht Univ, NUTRIM, Dept Epidemiol, Maastricht, Netherlands. : WILEY. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 119:9, s. 2148-2154
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Carotenoids, found in fruits and vegetables, have the potential to protect against cancer because of their properties, including their functions as precursors to vitamin A and as antioxidants. We examined the associations between intakes of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin and lycopene and the risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer. The primary data from 10 prospective cohort studies in North America and Europe were analyzed and then pooled. Carotenoid intakes were estimated from a validated food frequency questionnaire administered at baseline in each study. Study-specific relative risks (RR) were estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model and then combined using a random-effects model. Among 521,911 women, 2,012 cases of ovarian cancer occurred during a follow-up of 7-22 years across studies. The major carotenoids were not significantly associated with the risk of ovarian cancer. The pooled multivariate RRs (95% confidence intervals) were 1.00 (0.95-1.05) for a 600 mu g/day increase in alpha-carotene intake, 0.96 (0.93-1.03) for a 2,500 mu g/day increase in beta-carotene intake, 0.99 (0.97-1.02) for a 100 mu g/day increase in beta-cryptoxanthin intake, 0.98 (0.94-1.03) for a 2,500 mu g/day increase in lutein/zeaxanthin intake and 1.01 (0.97-1.05) for a 4,000 mu g/day increase in lycopene intake. These associations did not appreciably differ by study (p-values, tests for between-studies heterogeneity > 0.17). Also, the observed associations did not vary substantially by subgroups of the population or by histological type of ovarian cancer. These results suggest that consumption of the major carotenoids during adulthood does not play a major role in the incidence of ovarian cancer. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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7.
  • Sodergren, Erica, et al. (författare)
  • The genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 314:5801, s. 941-52
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We report the sequence and analysis of the 814-megabase genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, a model for developmental and systems biology. The sequencing strategy combined whole-genome shotgun and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequences. This use of BAC clones, aided by a pooling strategy, overcame difficulties associated with high heterozygosity of the genome. The genome encodes about 23,300 genes, including many previously thought to be vertebrate innovations or known only outside the deuterostomes. This echinoderm genome provides an evolutionary outgroup for the chordates and yields insights into the evolution of deuterostomes.
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