| 1. |
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Overview of the JET results
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 55:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, C A Morgan, 1965
(författare)
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Normative and relational aspects of architectural space
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nord, C., and Högström, E. (eds.) Caring Architecture: Institutions and Relational Practices. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 127-142. - 9781443898966 ; , s. 127-142
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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A Study of Demand-Driven Documentation in Two Open Source Projects
- 2015
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Ingår i: 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). - 9781479973675 ; , s. 5271-5279
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate how demand-driven documentation is used by open source projects. Our study relies on questions and answers (i.e., demand-driven documentation) posted to Stack Overflow and focuses on two projects: Apache POI and Fennec (Firefox for Android). We find that the demand-driven documentation provided by respective community is of good quality and contributions are made within an acceptable amount of time. We conclude that demand-driven documentation can be suitable as a primary information source if other resources accompany it, e.g., websites. However, the suitability is closely related to size and activity of the project's community. We also investigate whether the type of project (e.g., API, application, product, etc.) matters, and find that given the nature of a forum, projects where the intended users are developers have larger and more active communities and are thus better suited for demand-driven documentation.
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Morgan, et al.
(författare)
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Is it possible to feel at home in a patient room in an intensive care unit? Reflections on environmental aspects in technology dense environments : Is it possible to feel at home in a patient room in an intensive care unit?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nursing Inquiry. - London : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 1320-7881 .- 1440-1800.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on the patient’s perspective and the philosophical underpinnings that support what might be considered optimal for the future design of the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patient room. It also addresses the question of whether the aspects that support at-homeness are applicable to ICU patient rooms. The concept of ‘at-homeness’ in ICUs is strongly related to privacy and control of space and territory. This study investigates whether the sense of at-homeness can be created in an ICU, when one or more patients share a room. From an interdisciplinary perspective, we critically reflect on various aspects associated with conflicts surrounding the use of ICU patient rooms. Thus, from an architectural and a caring perspective, the significance of space and personal territory in ICU patient rooms is emphasized. Recommendations for further research are suggested. In conclusion, privacy and control are deemed to be essential factors in the stimulation of recovery processes and the promotion of wellbeing in situations involving severe illness or life-threatening conditions.
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| 8. |
- Andersson, Morgan, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Is it possible to feel at home in a patient room in an intensive care unit? Reflections on environmental aspects in technology-dense environments
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nursing Inquiry. - : Wiley. - 1440-1800 .- 1320-7881. ; 26:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on the patient's perspective and the philosophical underpinnings that support what might be considered optimal for the future design of the intensive care unit (ICU) patient room. It also addresses the question of whether the aspects that support at-homeness are applicable to ICU patient rooms. The concept of “at-homeness” in ICUs is strongly related to privacy and control of space and territory. This study investigates whether the sense of at-homeness can be created in an ICU, when one or more patients share a room. From an interdisciplinary perspective, we critically reflect on various aspects associated with conflicts surrounding the use of ICU patient rooms. Thus, from an architectural and a caring perspective, the significance of space and personal territory in ICU patient rooms is emphasized. Recommendations for further research are suggested. In conclusion, privacy and control are deemed to be essential factors in the stimulation of recovery processes and the promotion of well-being in situations involving severe illness or life-threatening conditions.
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| 9. |
- Andersson, Morgan, 1965
(författare)
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Normative and relative aspects of the usability of common spaces in assisted living for older people
- 2015
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Ingår i: In Verma and Nenonen (eds.) ARCH 14, International Conference on research on health care architecture. Conference proceedings. - 1799-4853. - 9789526062013 ; Aalto University publication series:6/2015, s. 127-145
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Relation to the complexity and usability of common spaces in assisted living facilities (ALFs). Background: ALFs for older people in Sweden contain both the residential and workplace perspectives. The common spaces retain physical and organizational features that are related to traditional institutional care environments. The use of common spaces in ALFs focuses heavily on communal activities, entailing a complex relation to the concept of home in a social context and of the home as a place. Approach: A mixed QUAL/QUAN approach was applied containing method and data trian-gulation. Participant observations, semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and statistical analyses were used. The project encompasses 14 ALFs in Sweden and includes residents, staff, relatives, planners and architects. Results: When the relative context of the building in use diverges from the normative context of planning and conceptualization, it affects the usability. Residential and workplace per-spectives entail different objectives for use, which also affects the usability. The results also show different objectives for use between dementia and somatic units. Although Swedish regulations include the common spaces as part of the housing unit, the different functions are used and perceived differently and to a varying degree. The spaces represent functions with varying proximity to the concept of home; placing the dining rooms closer and the kitchens further away. Higher degree of use on the dementia units places the common spaces closer to the concept of home here, compared to the somatic units.Discussion: The normative aspects of architecture represent a fixation in time and space as they are manifested in the design processes and, as a result, in the physical structures. Usability, contrarily, represents relational aspects as it is created in continuous negotiation between the users, residents and staff, and the physical environment; or in the interaction between human and non-human actors. The prerequisites for use are continuously changing in relation to the planning context. Common spaces must be understood from an extended concept of home that takes into consideration the context of the building in use.
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Morgan, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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The use of common spaces in assisted living schemes for older persons: a comparison of somatic and dementia units
- 2016
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Ingår i: Ageing and Society. - 0144-686X .- 1469-1779. ; 36:4, s. 837-859
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores how common spaces in assisted living schemes for older persons are used by the residents. Observation studies, group interviews with staff and individual interviews with residents, relatives, architects and key stakeholders in the context of Swedish elder-care were conducted. Common spaces are the major location for in-house social interaction on the units. The results show a higher presenceon the dementia units, compared to the somatic units. No significant correlation was found between the residents’ mobility limitations and their degree of presence in the common spaces. The results also suggest a contradiction between the staff’s intentions to provide a social context and the capabilities of the residents. Although common spaces are not used much between meals, the residents stress their importance for social interaction, suggesting that common spaces have important qualitative aspects, rather than quantitative. The results also how that few of the residents used the common spaces together with their relatives. The increasing use of assistive technology creates a shortage of space, suggesting a conflict between the efforts to create a home-like environment and the use of assistive technology.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Berman, Anne H., et al.
(författare)
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Mobile phone apps for university students with hazardous alcohol use : study protocol for two consecutive randomized controlled trials
- 2015
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Ingår i: JMIR Research Protocols. - : JMIR Publications. - 1929-0748. ; 4:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: About 50% of university students overconsume alcohol, and drinking habits in later adulthood are to some extent established during higher educational studies. Several studies have demonstrated that Internet-based interventions have positive effects on drinking habits among university students. Our recent study evaluated two mobile phone apps targeting drinking choices at party occasions via personalized feedback on estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) for students with hazardous drinking. No changes in drinking parameters were found over a seven-week period apart from an increase in number of drinking occasions among men for one of the apps tested. Up to 30% of the study participants drank at potentially harmful levels: higher than the national recommended number of standard drinks per week (a maximum of 9 for women and 14 for men) in Sweden. Objective: (1) To evaluate improved versions of the two mobile phone apps tested in our prior trial, in a new, 3-armed randomized controlled trial among university students with at least hazardous drinking habits according to the Alcohol Use Disorders Identifications Test (AUDIT; Study 1). (2) After 6 weeks, to target study participants showing alcohol consumption higher than the national recommended levels for standard drinks per week by offering them participation in a second, 2-armed randomized trial evaluating an additional mobile phone app with skill enhancement tasks (Study 2). (3) To follow participants at 6, 12 and 18 weeks after recruitment to Study 1 and at 6 and 12 weeks after recruitment to Study 2. Methods: Two randomized controlled trials are conducted. Study 1: Students are recruited at four Swedish universities, via direct e-mail and advertisements on Facebook and student union web sites. Those who provide informed consent, have a mobile phone, and show at least hazardous alcohol consumption according to the AUDIT (≥6 for women; ≥8 points for men) are randomized into three groups. Group 1 has access to the Swedish government alcohol monopoly’s app, Promillekoll, offering real-time estimated eBAC calculation; Group 2 has access to a Web-based app, PartyPlanner, developed by the research group, offering real-time eBAC calculation with planning and follow-up functions; and Group 3 participants are controls. Follow-up is conducted at 6, 12 and 18 weeks. Study 2. Participants who at the first 6-week follow-up show drinking levels higher than 9 (W) or 14 (M) standard drinks (12 g alcohol) per week, are offered participation in Study 2. Those who consent are randomized to either access to a skills training app, TeleCoach or to a wait-list control group. Results: Latent Markov models for Study 1 and mixed models analyses for Study 2 will be performed. Study 2 data will be analyzed for publication during the spring of 2016; Study 1 data will be analyzed for publication during the fall of 2016. Conclusions: If mobile phone interventions for reducing hazardous alcohol use are found to be effective, the prospects for positively influencing substance use-related health among university students can considerably improve.
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| 14. |
- Berman, Anne H, et al.
(författare)
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Mobile phone brief intervention applications for risky alcohol use among university students : Three randomized controlled studies
- 2015
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Ingår i: The 13th International Conference on Treatment of Addictive Behaviors, 31st of May-4th of June 2015, Odense, Denmark. - : The University of New Mexico, CASAA. ; , s. 17-17
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction: Most university students overconsume alcohol and have smartphones. Brief online interventions reduce students’ alcohol intake. Delivering brief interventions to students via smartphone apps should be investigated. Method: Students at several Swedish universities were invited to the 3 studies described via e-mails and online ads. Students with a smartphone and risky alcohol consumption according to the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were included, following informed consent. Three apps were tested, two targeting individual drinking choices on party occasions (Promillekoll and PartyPlanner), and one targeting high-risk users (TeleCoach™). Study 1 offered randomization into 3 groups: Promillekoll (1), offering real-time estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) calculation; PartyPlanner (2), a web-based app with real-time eBAC calculation and additional planning/follow-up functions; a control group (3). Follow-up occurred at 7 weeks. Study 2 replicated Study 1; changes included improved apps based on Study 1 results, and follow-up times extended from 7 to 14 and 21 weeks (T1, T2 & T3). Study 3 offered participants at T1 from Study 2, who drank over 9 (women) and 14 (men) standard drinks/week, randomization into an intervention group (TeleCoach™) and a wait-list control group (intervention offered at T2). Results: For Study 1, 1932 fulfilled eligibility criteria for randomization. Attrition was 22.7–39.3 percent, higher among heavier drinkers and highest in Group 2. Per-protocol analyses revealed one significant timeby- group interaction, where Group 1 participants increased the frequency of their drinking occasions compared to controls (p = 0.001). Among all participants, 29 percent showed high-risk drinking, over the recommended weekly drinking levels of 9 (women) and 14 (men) standard glasses. Preliminary results will be reported for Studies 2 and 3. Discussion: Mobile phone apps offer a huge potential for making brief interventions available to more university students than ever before. Research is needed to identify effective app content.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Braide, Anna, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Debatt – Hög tid för socialt bostadsbyggande.
- 2017
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Ingår i: Tidskriften Plan - Planering av stad och land.. - 0032-0560. ; :2017/4, s. 46-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 17. |
- Cardell, Lars-Olaf, et al.
(författare)
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TOTALL: high cost of allergic rhinitis-a national Swedish population-based questionnaire study.
- 2016
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Ingår i: NPJ primary care respiratory medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2055-1010. ; 26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Allergic rhinitis is a global illness with a well-recognised impact on quality of life and work performance. Comparatively little is known about the extent of its economic impact on society. The TOTALL study estimates the total cost of allergic rhinitis using a sample representing the entire Swedish population of working age. A questionnaire focused on allergic rhinitis was mailed out to a random population of Swedish residents, aged 18-65 years. Health-care contacts, medications, absenteeism (absence from work) and presenteeism (reduced working capacity at work) were assessed, and the direct and indirect costs of allergic rhinitis were calculated. Medication use was evaluated in relation to the ARIA guidelines. In all, 3,501 of 8,001 (44%) answered the questionnaire, and 855 (24%) of these reported allergic rhinitis. The mean annual direct and indirect costs because of allergic rhinitis were €210.3 and €750.8, respectively, resulting in a total cost of €961.1 per individual/year. Presenteeism represented 70% of the total cost. Antihistamines appear to be used in excess in relation to topical steroids, and the use of nasal decongestants was alarmingly high. The total cost of allergic rhinitis in Sweden, with a population of 9.5 million, was estimated at €1.3 billion annually. These unexpectedly high costs could be related to the high prevalence of disease, in combination with the previously often underestimated indirect costs. Improved adherence to guidelines might ease the economic burden on society.
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| 18. |
- Ehnhage, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment of idiopathic rhinitis with kinetic oscillations : a multi-centre randomized controlled study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0001-6489 .- 1651-2251. ; 136:8, s. 852-859
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conclusions: The potential effects of KOS are still uncertain regarding the most effective air pressure to be used as well as the physiological effects on the nasal mucosa. The results of the study do not support a convincing treatment effect by KOS on IR.Objectives: Idiopathic rhinitis (IR) is a common disorder, affecting ∼10-20% of the population. A new method for treating IR, Kinetic Oscillation Stimulation (KOS), has been reported to have beneficial effects on total vasomotor symptom scores (TVRSS). The primary objective with this study was to evaluate if a mean pressure of 65 mbar, pressure amplitude of 100 mbar, and 68Hz treatment with KOS had a positive effect on total vasomotor symptom scores (TVRSS), as compared with a mean pressure of 65 mbar, pressure amplitude of 4 mbar, and 68Hz treatment in patients with idiopathic rhinitis.Methods: Two hundred and seven patients were randomized (Full Analysis Set, FAS) in the study, including five visits and lasting for approximate to 25 weeks. All patients had two treatment episodes, and all patients had at least one treatment, meant as active, with high amplitude pressure for 10min in each nostril. Group 1 had two such treatments, and Group 2 had one treatment with low amplitude pressure, initially meant as placebo, on one occasion. Because of numerical improvements in these two groups, a new control group, Group 3, was introduced. They had one new control treatment where the balloon was inserted into the nose, without any air inflation and without oscillations.Results: KOS treatment with high amplitude pressure did not have significant beneficial effects as compared to low amplitude pressure on TVRSS. Numerical improvements in TVRSS and SNOT 22 were found when comparing high and low amplitude pressure treatments with uninflated balloon treatment. However, this part of the study was initially single-blinded, and these results were secondary objectives.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Gajecki, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Skills Training via Smartphone App for University Students with Excessive Alcohol Consumption : a Randomized Controlled Trial
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - : Springer. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 24:5, s. 778-788
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: University students in a study on estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) feedback apps were offered participation in a second study, if reporting continued excessive consumption at 6-week follow-up. This study evaluated the effects on excessive alcohol consumption of offering access to an additional skills training app. METHOD: A total of 186 students with excessive alcohol consumption were randomized to an intervention group or a wait list group. Both groups completed online follow-ups regarding alcohol consumption after 6 and 12 weeks. Wait list participants were given access to the intervention at 6-week follow-up. Assessment-only controls (n = 144) with excessive alcohol consumption from the ongoing study were used for comparison. RESULTS: The proportion of participants with excessive alcohol consumption declined in both intervention and wait list groups compared to controls at first (p < 0.001) and second follow-ups (p = 0.054). Secondary analyses showed reductions for the intervention group in quantity of drinking at first follow-up (-4.76, 95% CI [-6.67, -2.85], Z = -2.09, p = 0.037) and in frequency of drinking at both follow-ups (-0.83, 95% CI [-1.14, -0.52], Z = -2.04, p = 0.041; -0.89, 95% CI [-1.16, -0.62], Z = -2.12, p = 0.034). The odds ratio for not having excessive alcohol consumption among men in the intervention group compared to male controls was 2.68, 95% CI [1.37, 5.25] (Z = 2.88, p = 0.004); the figure for women was 1.71, 95% CI [1.11, 2.64] (Z = 2.41, p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Skills training apps have potential for reducing excessive alcohol use among university students. Future research is still needed to disentangle effects of app use from emailed feedback on excessive alcohol consumption and study participation. TRIAL REGISTRATION:NCT02064998.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Gudnadottir, Gunnhildur, et al.
(författare)
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Healthcare provider contact for children with symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing: a population survey.
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Journal of laryngology and otology. - 1748-5460. ; 130:3, s. 296-301
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in children, such as frequent snoring, apnoea and choking, may lead to health problems if untreated. The caregiver's level of awareness of these symptoms has been poorly studied. This study aimed to study healthcare provider contact related to sleep-disordered breathing symptoms in a population of children aged 0-11 years.
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| 23. |
- Jönsson, Morgan, et al.
(författare)
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"Har man kanelbullens dag så kan man väl ha en dag för individanpassat brandskydd också?" : En kvalitativ kartläggning av individanpassat brandskyddsarbete i Skåne och Värmland
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- SammanfattningInledning: Sverige strävar sedan 2010 mot en nollvision där ingen ska omkomma eller skadas allvarligt till följd av brand (MSB, 2009). Detta till trots omkommer varje år drygt 100 människor som ett resultat av just bränder, där framförallt äldre och personer med funktionsnedsättning är särskilt riskutsatta. För att främja arbetet mot nollvisionen publicerade MSB vägledningen Brandsäker bostad för alla, under 2013. Vägledningens tilltänkta syfte är att fungera som en metodhandbok för hur en individanpassad brandskyddsverksamhet kan bedrivas på kommunnivå. I vilken utsträckning som ett sådant arbete bedrivs samt vilket genomslagskraft vägledningen har fått är emellertid oklart. Avsikten med denna studie är därmed att undersöka just detta. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ ansats där sammanlagt tio semistrukturerade intervjuer har utförts i Skåne och Värmland. Därefter har data analyserats med hjälp av en manifest innehållsanalys.Resultat: Totalt har följande tre kategorier genererats: Den första kategorin, Individanpassat brandskydd är utmanande, konkretiserar problematiken kring individanpassat brandskydd och identifierar riskgrupper och huvudaktörer. Andra kategorin, Kommunerna antar utmaningen, presenterar hur de utvalda kommunerna arbetar med individanpassat brandskydd, och vilka aktörer som är verksamhetsutövare. Avslutningsvis beskriver Saker och ting kan förbättras hur MSBs roll i sammanhanget ser ut samt hur vägledningen har tagits emot på kommunnivå.Slutsats: Sammantaget visar resultatet att de granskade kommunerna arbetar med individanpassat brandskydd, om än i olika utsträckning. Det påtalas även att det uteslutande är vård- och omsorgsförvaltningen samt räddningstjänsten som är verksamhetsutövare på lokal nivå. Detta medför att identifieringsprocessen av riskindivider är begränsad till ovan nämnda förvaltningars verksamheter. Det nuvarande individanpassade brandskyddsarbetet är därmed initierat, men har ännu inte uppnått sin fulla potential. Ett antal övriga aktörer, däribland socialförvaltningen, har identifierats som nödvändiga för att verksamheten ska kunna utvecklas och bli mer effektiv, men de tycks inte inbegripas i den nuvarande arbetsprocessen.
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| 24. |
- Levin, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Persistence and evolution of allergen-specific IgE repertoires during subcutaneous specific immunotherapy.
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1097-6825 .- 0091-6749. ; 137:5, s. 1535-1544
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is the only treatment with proved long-term curative potential in patients with allergic disease. Allergen-specific IgE is the causative agent of allergic disease, and antibodies contribute to SIT, but the effects of SIT on aeroallergen-specific B-cell repertoires are not well understood.
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| 25. |
- Lindahl, Berit, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
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Can an ICU-patient roompromote wellbeing and improve healthcare quality?
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- To present novel reflections on environment regarding the design of the patient room in intensive care units(ICUs).Introduction: An ICU and the patient room in particular, is a protected and closed area in that other hospital staff and visitors have no immediate access to such environment. The ICU environment often appears frightening to patients and their loved ones due to presence of technology and advanced treatments. There is evidence that sounds, light, sleep deprivation and ICU delirium impact on patients’ health and recovery. Research has described negative effects of ICU environment to staff concerning noise, high work-load, heavy responsibilities and a complex psychological proximity to patients and their loved ones. A health care environment and patient room should be safe and attractive to staff so that they continue to contribute to caring processes. However, research about ICU’s physical environment and ICU-patient room design are sparse and thus evidence about how to design such areas is weak. Recommendations: Recommendations based on evaluation of a research program concerning evidence-based design in ICU-patient rooms will be shared. Components like light, sound environment, shape, colours, decoration and view to nature will be presented, pros and con with single rooms and the concepts privacy and control will be articulated. The research program was performed within a caring science perspective and so far it has generated three PhD theses with a forth on its way. Directions for further research such as interdisciplinary collaboration, the need for development of the meta-paradigm concept environment will be suggested. The latter needs to be theorized, problematized and practically explored. ICU-nurses, nursing researchers and former patients should collaborate with architects, building planners and economists in planning of new ICUs. Concepts like enriching and healing environments should be a part of ICU-nurses education curricula.
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