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- Choularton, T. W., et al.
(författare)
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The Great Dun Fell Cloud Experiment 1993 : An overview
- 1997
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310. ; 31:16, s. 2393-2405
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The 1993 Ground-based Cloud Experiment on Great Dun Fell used a wide range of measurements of trace gases, aerosol particles and cloud droplets at five sites to study their sources and sinks especially those in cloud. These measurements have been interpreted using a variety of models. The conclusions add to our knowledge of air pollution, acidification of the atmosphere and the ground, eutrophication and climate change. The experiment is designed to use the hill cap cloud as a flow-through reactor, and was conducted in varying levels of pollution typical of much of the rural temperate continental northern hemisphere in spring-time.
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| 6. |
- Burnett, D, et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis and secretion of procathepsin B and cystatin C by human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro: modulation of cathepsin B activity by neutrophil elastase
- 1995
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Ingår i: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-9861. ; 317:1, s. 305-310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Procathepsin B and cystatin C are found in human lung secretions. We investigated the capacity of human bronchial epithelial cells to synthesize and secrete these proteins. Immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labeled proteins from cultured bronchial epithelial cell lysates, followed by denaturing gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, showed the presence of newly synthesized procathepsin B of M(r) 42,000; no mature form was detected. Cathepsin B in conditioned medium from epithelial cells was tagged with benzyloxycarbonyl-125I-tyrosyl-alanine-diazomethane before and after treatment of the medium with neutrophil elastase. Control medium again showed a predominant form of cathepsin B with a M(r) of 42,000, but upon treatment with neutrophil elastase this protein was converted to a M(r) of 38,000, similar to the active form previously found in lung secretions, and cathepsin B activity was generated. The medium also contained the cathepsin B inhibitor, cystatin C, but cystatins A, B, S, SN, SA, and kininogen were not detected. After removal of cystatin C from the medium, elastase was still required to activate procathepsin B. These results suggest that bronchial epithelial cells are a source of procathepsin B and cystatin C in lung secretions. Cleavage both of cystatin C and procathepsin B by neutrophil elastase is essential for the generation of cathepsin B activity in the medium.
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- Biver, N, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term evolution of the outgassing of comet Hale-Bopp from radio observations
- 1997
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Ingår i: EARTH MOON AND PLANETS. - : KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL. - 0167-9295. ; 78:1-3, s. 5-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) has been observed on a regular basis since August 1995 at millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths using IRAM, JCMT, CSO and SEST radio telescopes. The production rates of eight molecular species (CO, HCN, CH3OH, H2CO, H2S, CS, CH3CN
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- Berglund, Anders, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Computer Science Education in Europe
- 1996
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Ingår i: SIGCSE Bulletin. - : ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Science Education. ; , s. 395-396
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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- Kleywegt, GJ, et al.
(författare)
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The crystal structure of the catalytic core domain of endoglucanase I from Trichoderma reesei at 3.6 angstrom resolution, and a comparison with related enzymes
- 1997
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. - 0022-2836. ; 272:3, s. 383-397
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellulose is the most abundant polymer in the biosphere. Although generally resistant to degradation, it may be hydrolysed by cellulolytic organisms that have evolved a variety of structurally distinct enzymes, cellobiohydrolases and endoglucanases, for this purpose. Endoglucanase I (EG I) is the major endoglucanase produced by the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma reesei, accounting for 5 to 10% of the total amount of cellulases produced by this organism. Together with EG I from Humicola insolens and T. reesei cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I), the enzyme is classified into family 7 of the glycosyl hydrolases, and it catalyses hydrolysis with a net retention of the anomeric configuration.The structure of the catalytic core domain (residues 1 to 371) of EG I from T. reesei has been determined at 3.6 A resolution by the molecular replacement method using the structures of T. reesei CBH I and H. insolens EG I as search models. By employing the 2-fold non-crystallographic symmetry (NCS), the structure was refined successfully, despite the limited resolution. The final model has an R-factor of 0.201 (Rfree 0.258).The structure of EG I reveals an extended, open substrate-binding cleft, rather than a tunnel as found in the homologous cellobiohydrolase CBH I. This confirms the earlier proposal that the tunnel-forming loops in CBH I have been deleted in EG I, which has resulted in an open active site in EG I, enabling it to function as an endoglucanase. Comparison of the structure of EG I with several related enzymes reveals structural similarities, and differences that relate to their biological function in degrading particular substrates. A possible structural explanation of the drastically different pH profiles of T. reesei and H. insolens EG I is proposed.
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- Mackenzie, L F, et al.
(författare)
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Crystal structure of the family 7 endoglucanase I (Cel7B) from Humicola insolens at 2.2 angstrom resolution and identification of the catalytic nucleophile by trapping of the covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate
- 1998
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Ingår i: Biochemical Journal. - : Portland Press Ltd.. - 0264-6021 .- 1470-8728. ; 335, s. 409-416
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellulose is the major polysaccharide component of the plant cell wall and the most abundant naturally produced macromolecule on Earth. The enzymic degradation of cellulose, by cellulases, is therefore of great environmental and commercial significance. Cellulases are found in 12 of the glycoside hydrolase families classified according to their amino acid sequence similarities. Endoglucanase I (Cel7B), from the soft-rot fungus Humicola insolens, is a family 7 enzyme. The structure of the native form of Cel7B from H. insolens at 2.2 Å resolution has been solved by molecular replacement using the known Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I [Divne, Ståhlberg, Reinikainen, Ruohonen, Pettersson, Knowles, Teeri and Jones (1994) Science265, 524–528] structure as the search model. Cel7B catalyses hydrolysis of the β-1,4 glycosidic linkages in cellulose with net retention of anomeric configuration. The catalytic nucleophile at the active site of Cel7B has been identified as Glu-197 by trapping of a 2-deoxy-2-fluorocellotriosyl enzyme intermediate and identification of the labelled peptide in peptic digests by tandem MS. Site-directed mutagenesis of both Glu-197 and the prospective catalytic acid, Glu-202, results in inactive enzyme, confirming the critical role of these groups for catalysis.
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| 23. |
- Nicholson, L B, et al.
(författare)
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Monoclonal antibodies to the human TSH receptor: epitope mapping and binding to the native receptor on the basolateral plasma membrane of thyroid follicular cells.
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of molecular endocrinology. - 0952-5041. ; 16:2, s. 159-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have characterized four murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the extracellular domain of the human TSH receptor (TSH-R.E), the target autoantigen of Graves' disease. Recombinant TSH-R.E used as immunogen, was produced in E. coli as a fusion protein with glutathione-S-transferase or in a baculovirus-insect cell system, as a non-fusion glycoprotein. To increase the epitope specificity of the mAbs, two different strains of mice (H-2(b) and H-2(d)) were immunized. The epitopes recognized by the mAbs were characterized by immunoblotting with various recombinant constructs of TSH-R.E and by binding to overlapping synthetic peptides of the receptor. The four IgG mAbs characterized recognized epitopes localized to different regions on the TSH-R.E; amino acids 22-35 (A1O and A11, both IgG2b from H-2(b) animals), amino acids 402-415 (A7, IgG2b from H-2(b) animals) and amino acids 147-228 (A9, IgG1 from H-2(d) animals). Immunolocalization studies showed that mAb A9 recognized TSH-R.E on unfixed cryostat sections, where binding was localized to the basolateral plasma membrane of thyroid follicular cells, suggesting that this antibody reacts with the native receptor on thyroid cells. The binding of the mAbs A7, A10 and A11 was also restricted to the basal surface of thyroid cells, but only after acetone fixation of the sections, implying that the epitopes recognized on the amino and carboxyl terminus of the extracellular region of the receptor are not accessible on the native molecule. None of the mAbs stimulated cyclic AMP responses in COS-7 cells transiently transfected with full-length functioning TSH-R.E, whilst weak inhibition of binding of radiolabelled TSH to porcine membranes in a radioreceptor assay was apparent with mAb A10 and A11, but only at high concentrations of IgG. The ability of mAb A9 to bind to the native receptor without stimulating activity or inhibition of TSH binding suggests that antibody can bind to the central region of the TSH-R.E without perturbing receptor function. The availability of mAbs that recognize epitopes on different regions of the extracellular domain of TSH-R will lead to a better understanding of the autoantigenic regions on TSH-R implicated in disease activity.
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| 24. |
- Nordman, H, et al.
(författare)
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Mucus glycoproteins from pig gastric mucosa: identification ofdifferent mucin populations from the surface epithelium.
- 1997
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Ingår i: The Biochemical journal. - 0264-6021. ; 326 ( Pt 3), s. 903-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pig gastric mucins were isolated from the surface epithelium of the cardiac region, corpus and antrum using density-gradient centrifugation after extraction in 6 M guanidinium chloride. In CsCl/0.5 M guanidinium chloride, mucins solubilized from the cardiac region appeared as a broad unimodal band at 1.52 g/ml whereas those from the corpus and antrum occurred as high- and low-density populations at 1.50 and 1.45 g/ml respectively. High-iron diamine reacted more strongly with the cardiac mucins and the high-density populations from corpus and antrum than with the two low-density ones. In keeping with this, approx. 60% of the oligosaccharides from the former mucins and 20% from the latter contained sulphate. All surface epithelial cells of the cardiac region stained with high-iron diamine, whereas in the corpus only the epithelium in the bottom of the pits reacted, suggesting that the high-density population from this region originates from these cells. Mucins from all regions were composed of subunits, each containing highly glycosylated domains. The mucins from the cardiac region were larger than those from the corpus and antrum, and reduced subunits as well as high-molecular-mass glycopeptides from the cardiac mucins were larger than the corresponding fragments from the other regions. Ion-exchange HPLC showed that reduced subunits from the cardiac mucins and the high-density populations from the corpus and antrum were more 'acidic' than reduced subunits from the two low-density ones. All mucins contained a 'neutral'fraction, in particular those from the antrum. Pig gastric mucus thus contains a number of distinctly different mucin populations varying in buoyant density, size, 'acidity', glycosylation, sulphation and tissue origin.
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| 25. |
- Riva, Giuseppe, et al.
(författare)
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Virtual Environments in the Diagnosis, Prevention, and Intervention of Age-Related Diseases: A Review of VR Scenarios Proposed in the EC VETERAN Project
- 1999
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Ingår i: CyberPsychology & Behavior. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 1094-9313 .- 1557-8364. ; 2:6, s. 577-591
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A group of worldwide virtual reality and health-care researchers have decided to combine their efforts in a multidisciplinary project titled VETERAN – virtual environments in the diagnosis, prevention and intervention of age-related diseases. The main goal of the VETERAN project is the tuning and testing of different virtual environments, designed to address the cognitive/functional impairments that may occur due to the aging process and age-related disorders. In particular the developed modules will address the problems commonly found in the following pathologies that have a strong impact on the elderly health care policy: Alzheimer’s disease and other senile dementias; stroke and unilateral spatial neglect; mobility-related accidents within specific environments (e.g., falls, shocks). The project will focus on research into clinical aspects of age-related diseases and disorders of high morbidity and specifically target goals of prevention, treatment, or delay in onset. Another goal of the VETERAN project is to define and develop new protocols and tools to be used for general rehabilitation purposes. These tools will aim to provide systematic restorative training within the context of functionally relevant, ecologically valid simulated environments This approach is hoped to optimize the degree of transfer of training and/or generalization of learning to the person’s real world environment.
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