| 1. |
- Asplund, Lillemor, et al.
(författare)
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Screening av Tetrabrombisfenol A
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tetrabrombisfenol A (TBBPA), CAS nr 79-94-7, är ett flamskyddsmedel med stor användning. Till största delen används det som reaktivt flamskyddsmedel, dvs. TBBPA binds in kemiskt i polymera material. Allt binds dock inte in utan en mindre del kan läcka ut från den flamskyddade produkten (Sellström och Jansson, 1995). En viss användning av TBBPA som additivt flamskyddsmedel förekommer också (KemI, 2000). TBBPA är det flamskyddsmedel som omsätts mest i Sverige, 2001 omsattes 203 ton vilket kan jämföras med 58 ton för hexabromcyklododekan (HBCD). Användningen av HBCD ökade medan användningen av TBBPA minskade enligt KEMI (KemI, 2003, 4/03 ). TBBPA används främst vid tillverkning av flamskyddad epoxy- och polykarbonatplast men även i omättad polyester (WHO/IPCS, 1995). Epoxyplast som flamskyddats med TBBPA används huvudsakligen i kretskort. TBBPA används också i plastinkapslingar av elektroniska komponenter, i kåpor och i höljen till elektrisk utrustning.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Wernstedt, Ingrid, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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A common polymorphism in the interleukin-6 gene promoter is associated with overweight
- 2004
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Ingår i: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. ; 28:10, s. 1272-9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Human body fat mass is to a large extent genetically determined, but little is known about the susceptibility genes for common obesity. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) suppresses body fat mass in rodents, and IL-6 treatment increases energy expenditure in both rodents and humans. The -174 G/C single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the IL-6 gene promoter is common in many populations, and -174 C-containing promoters have been found to be weaker enhancers of transcription. Moreover, a SNP at position -572 in the IL-6 promoter has recently been reported to affect transcription. The objective was to investigate the association between the IL-6 gene promoter SNPs and obesity. DESIGN: Trans-sectional association study of IL-6 gene promoter SNPs and indices of obesity. SUBJECTS: Two study populations, the larger one consisting of hypertensive individuals (mean age 57 y, 73% males, n=485) and the other consisting of 20 y younger nonobese healthy females (n=74). MEASUREMENTS: Genotyping for the -174 IL-6 G/C and the -572 G/C SNPs, body mass index (BMI), serum leptin levels, serum IL-6 levels, C-reactive protein, fasting blood glucose and various blood lipids. RESULTS: The common -174 C allele (f(C)=0.46), but not any -572 allele, was associated with higher BMI and higher serum leptin levels in both study populations. In the larger population, there were significant odds ratios for the association of CC (2.13) and GC (1.76) genotypes with overweight (BMI>25 kg/m(2)). Moreover, as the C allele was common, it accounted for a significant population-attributable risk of overweight (12%; CI 2-21%), although its average effect was modest in this sample. CONCLUSION: Genetically determined individual differences in production of IL-6 may be relevant for the regulation of body fat mass.
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| 4. |
- Aasa, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Collecting dialect data and making use of them an interim report from Swedia 2000
- 2000
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Ingår i: Proceedings FONETIK 2000. ; , s. 17-20
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper consists of two, somewhat disparate parts. In the first part, some experiences of two years of fieldwork are summarized, concentrating, as the subtitle suggests, on the very heart of phonetic fieldwork: the encounters and interviews with the informants. As a result of the fieldwork, the project now has access to recordings from approximately 1300 speakers of more than 100 dialects of Swedish. We are currently initiating research on various aspects of the sound patterns of these dialects. The second part of the paper is meant to give an overview of some of our research plans for the near future.
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| 5. |
- Aasa, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Vowel quantity in West Swedish - the villain of the piece?
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Swedish Phonetics Conference FONETIK 2000.. ; , s. 17-20
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper consists of two, somewhat disparate parts. In the first part, some experiences of two years of fieldwork are summarized, concentrating, as the subtitle suggests, on the very heart of phonetic fieldwork: the encounters and interviews with the informants. As a result of the fieldwork, the project now has access to recordings from approximately 1300 speakers of more than 100 dialects of Swedish. We are currently initiating research on various aspects of the sound patterns of these dialects. The second part of the paper is meant to give an overview of some of our research plans for the near future.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Bylund, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the importance of context parameters for service use in everyday situations
- 2004. - 1
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The work described herein focus on the impact of different context factors in short-term planning situations. We have investigated which services have been used to solve different tasks. The method used in the study was based on scenario descriptions. The participants reported how they would have acted in different situations and they also rated the importance of different context factors in different situations. Analyses were made that revealed relationships between context factors and services used by the participants of the study. A qualitative analysis was also conducted, with the aim to capture context factors not covered in the study design.
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| 11. |
- Carlsson-Kanyama, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Hushållskunder på elmarknaden: Värderingar och beteenden
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Man kan identifiera fem stora kundsegment på energimarknaden, nämligen hushåll i småhuslägenheter, hushåll i flerbostadshusens lägenheter, fastighetsägare till flerbostadshus, unga hushåll samt medelålders och äldre hushåll. Jämfört med energiföretagens andra kundsegment inom exempelvis industri, handel, service eller myndigheter är hushållssegmenten oorganiserade. De innehåller många hushåll med begränsat tekniskt kunnande, begränsad kunskap och förmåga att diskutera sin energisituation med energiföretagen, men däremot en betydande praktisk och beteendemässig vilja och erfarenhet att inrätta beteende och livsstil i en mera energieffektiv riktning. I synnerhet gäller detta i de äldre hushållen. De väsentliga parametrarna finns redan för att utveckla en informationsstrategi med ett behovsanpassat innehåll för varje målgrupp inom hushållens kundsegment på energimarknaden. Ur ett samhälleligt perspektiv visar resultaten att beteenderelaterade energisparpotentialer finns och även i vilka grupper de redan är uppfyllda. I det senare fallet har kombinationer av styrmedel över tid bidragit till ett energieffektivt beteende. En viktig erfarenhet för många hushåll har varit oljekriserna på 1970-talet. För att man skall kunna ta tillvarata de potentialer som ännu inte utnyttjats krävs olika styrmedel som varierar från ren information till produktutveckling samt kombinationer av dessa. Dagens nivåer på energianvändning i bostäderna är till vissa delar generationsberoende. Om framtida generationer eller dagens unga kommer att anlägga samma energisnåla beteenden som dagens äldre är ovisst. Vissa beteenden är enbart betingade av tidsknapphet och bekvämlighet. Det finns dock fortfarande utrymme för många typer av energieffektivisering i hushållen.
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| 12. |
- Engstrand, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Cellular responses to cytomegalovirus in immunosuppressed patients : circulating CD8+ T cells recognizing CMVpp65 are present but display functional impairment
- 2003
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Ingår i: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0009-9104 .- 1365-2249. ; 132:1, s. 96-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The availability of tetrameric complexes of HLA class I molecules folded with immunodominant peptides makes it possible to utilize flow cytometry for rapid and highly specific visualization of virus specific CD8+ T cells. An alternate technique is to incubate whole blood with specific antigens and to subsequently detect and characterize responding T cells (e.g. by performing intracellular staining of interferon-gamma). By using an HLA-A2 tetramer construct folded with the same immunodominant CMV-peptide as that used for peptide pulsing, we monitored both the presence and functional capacity of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells. In addition T cell activation was assayed by determination of CD38 and CD69 expression. Twelve organ transplant patients and 31 healthy blood donors with latent CMV infection were investigated using CMV pp65 tetramer staining and intracellular staining of interferon-gamma after CMV pp65 peptide pulsing or CMV lysate pulsing. CMV-specific T cells were detected in similar absolute numbers as well as frequencies of T cells in the two groups investigated. However, the CMV-specific CD8+ T cells in immunosuppressed individuals showed a decreased functional response to the CMV-peptide, as evidenced by reduced interferon-gamma production when compared to healthy blood donors (19%; 42%, P < 0·005). In addition, CD38 expression was markedly higher in immunosuppressed patients compared to healthy blood donors (24%; 6%, P < 0·005). In a case report we demonstrate that reactivation of CMV can occur in an immunosuppressed patient with high number of CMV-specific T cells, but without functional capacity. Hence, these findings reflect impaired activation of cytotoxic T cells controlling latent CMV infection in immunosuppressed patients.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Eriksson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Cleavage of antigen-bound immunoglobulin G by SpeB contributes to streptococcal persistence in opsonizing blood.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Infection and Immunity. - 0019-9567 .- 1098-5522. ; 71:1, s. 211-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Group A streptococci (GAS) express a superantigen, SpeB, having cysteine protease activity. SpeB exhibits several properties that might contribute to virulence, the most recently discovered being the ability to cleave immunoglobulin G (IgG) in a manner similar to that of papain. In the present study, we confirmed this latter finding and found that the irreversible inhibition of SpeB protease activity completely abolishes IgG cleavage. SpeB cleavage of IgG was not species restricted since SpeB cleaved both human, rabbit, and mouse IgG. In order to investigate the nature of the SpeB cleavage of IgG, antibodies were immobilized prior to exposure to SpeB, either by unspecific binding of the Fc to GAS surface proteins or by antigen-specific binding. Analysis of the IgG molecules by SDS-PAGE showed that SpeB could cleave antigen-bound antibodies, while the IgG bound to IgG-binding proteins was protected from cleavage. In a phagocytosis assay using whole blood, the M49 GAS strain NZ131 showed a significantly higher survival than its isogenic speB mutant. Furthermore, the addition of extracellular supernatant derived from an overnight culture of native NZ131 increased the survival of its isogenic speB derivative. This indicates that SpeB's ability to cleave off the Fc part of antigen-bound IgG contributes to GAS escape from opsonophagocytosis while not interfering with the formation of a host-like coat by unspecific IgG binding.
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| 15. |
- Eriksson, Anna-Gretha
(författare)
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Uppdraget: Skydda Iraks kulturarv! : på Unescos initiativ har en kommitté bildats för skydd av Iraks kulturarv
- 2004
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Ingår i: Kulturmiljövård. - Stockholm : Riksantikvarieämbetet. - 1100-4800. ; :02, s. 36-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- I maj 2004 fick riksantikvarieämbetet regeringens uppdrag att delta i den internationella samordnande kommittén för skydd av Iraks kulturarv, International Coordination Committee (ICC) for the Safeguarding of the Cultural Heritage of Iraq. Kommitténs uppgift är att se helheten, vara förmedlande och samordnande men ej utförande. Viktigt är att samordna resurserna, att undvika att dubbelarbete utförs, att fylla i de luckor som kan uppstå, att se vem och vilka länder som gör vad.
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| 16. |
- Eriksson, Anna-Lena, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Association between the low activity genotype of catechol-O-methyltransferase and myocardial infarction in a hypertensive population
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Eur Heart J. ; 25:5, s. 386-91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: Estrogens regulate several biological processes involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a key enzyme in the degradation of estrogens. There is a functional polymorphism in the COMT gene (Val158Met), affecting the activity of the enzyme. We investigated if the low activity genotype of COMT is associated with an altered risk of myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a prospectively followed hypertensive cohort we identified 174 patients who suffered a myocardial infarction during the study and compared them to 348 controls from the same cohort. The COMT polymorphism and serum levels of sex hormones were analysed. Patients homozygous for the low activity COMT genotype had a decreased risk of myocardial infarction compared to those with the high activity genotype, odds ratio 0.65 (95% CI 0.44-0.97, p=0.033 ). The protective effect of the low activity genotype was most evident among older patients (> 58 years of age), odds ratio 0.43 (95% CI 0.23-0.79, p=0.006 ). Serum levels of estradiol were increased ( p=0.006 ) in males with the low activity genotype. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the low activity COMT genotype is protective against myocardial infarction. One may speculate that the altered estrogen status could be involved in this effect.
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| 17. |
- Eriksson, Anna M, et al.
(författare)
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The cholera toxin-derived CTA1-DD vaccine adjuvant administered intranasally does not cause inflammation or accumulate in the nervous tissues.
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). - 0022-1767. ; 173:5, s. 3310-9
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although highly effective, the use of GM1-receptor binding holotoxins as nasal mucosal adjuvants has recently been cautioned due to the risk for their accumulation in the brain and other nervous tissues. Therefore we have explored the efficacy of the CTA1-DD adjuvant for its ability to enhance nasal immune responses in mice. We found that despite the lack of a mucosal binding element, the B cell-targeted CTA1-DD molecule was an equally strong adjuvant as cholera toxin (CT). The potency of CTA1-DD was not a result of endotoxin contamination because more than a 50-fold higher dose of LPS was needed to achieve a similar enhancement. Moreover, the adjuvant effect was TLR4-independent and absent in mutant CTA1-E112K-DD, lacking enzymatic activity. The CTA1-DD adjuvant augmented germinal center formations and T cell priming in the draining lymph nodes, and contrary to CT, promoted a balanced Th1/Th2 response with little effect on IgE Ab production. CTA1-DD did not induce inflammatory changes in the nasal mucosa, and most importantly did not bind to or accumulate in the nervous tissues of the olfactory bulb, whereas CT bound avidly to the nervous tissues. We believe that the nontoxic CTA1-DD adjuvant is an attractive solution to the current dilemma between efficacy and toxicity encountered in CT-holotoxin adjuvant or Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin-holotoxin adjuvant strategies and provides a safe and promising candidate to be included in future vaccines for intranasal administration.
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| 18. |
- Eriksson, Anna
(författare)
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Molecular mechanisms of VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and vascular permeability
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Angiogenesis, sprouting of new capillaries from pre-existing blood vessels, is a tightly regulated multi-step process. One of the key mediators in this process is the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Many tumors express high levels of VEGF and pathological angiogenesis is considered a hallmark of malignant tumor growth. Tumor vessels are often leaky and prone to hemorrhaging, most likely due to the vascular permeabilityenhancing effect of VEGF, a feature that distinguishes it from other angiogenic proteins. In this thesis, the focus has been on members of the VEGF-family, and their role in angiogenesis and vascular permeability. We have shown that VEGF-C is angiogenic in addition to its known effects on lymph vessel growth (lymphangiogenesis) and vascular permeability. In capillaries, vascular leakage induced by VEGF and VEGF-C was mostly mediated via fenestrac, small pore-like openings in the endothelial cells. In contrast, Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2), another well characterized angiogenic protein, did not induce any vascular permeability and FGF-2-induced blood vessels did not exhibit any fenestrae. VEGF-induced vascular permeability and formation of fenestrae could be reduced by inhibition of Rac, a protein involved in reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Rac inhibition also affected angiogenesis, but to a lesser degree than vascular leakage. Thus, the signaling pathways leading to angiogenesis and vascular permeability in response to VEGF are in part separated. Another member of the VEGF-family, Placental Growth Factor (P1GF) could also modulate VEGF-induced angiogenesis. When VEGF and P1GF-1 were coexpressed in tumor cells, they formed heterodimers that were functionally inactive, thus effectively depleting the pool of available bioactive VEGF homodimers and hence angiogenesis and tumor growth were reduced. In summary, the angiogenic and vascular permeability-stimulating effects of members of the VEGF-family can be modulated in at least two ways, formation of inactive heterodimers and interfering with the intracellular signaling. This could have conceptual implications in the treatment of tumor growth and other diseases characterized by pathological vascular permeability.
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| 19. |
- Eriksson, Anna, 1975
(författare)
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Studies on the immuno-modulating properties of the cholera toxin A1-based fusion protein CTA1-DD
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present work was aimed at exploring the immuno-modulating properties of the novel cholera toxin (CT)-based vaccine adjuvant CTA1-DD, which combines the full enzymatic activity of the A1 subunit of CT with B cell targeting. We have studied the efficacy of the CTA1-DD adjuvant to enhance immune responses in mice after nasal administration. Most studies on adjuvants rely on antibody responses as a measure of immunity. Here we have also used adoptive transfer of DO.11.10 OVA-specific transgenic (tg) T cells into naïve mice as a model system to study the effects of the CTA1-DD adjuvant. In addition, we have analyzed whether CTA1-DD has immuno-modulating effects on human peripheral blood lymphocytes.CTA1-DD was shown to bind directly to human peripheral blood B lymphocytes of all Ig-classes and greatly augmented human B cell functions in vitro. These effects were reflected in strongly enhanced costimulation, resulting in augmented T cell responses to polyclonal as well as antigen-specific activation in vitro. In mice, the CTA1-DD adjuvant was shown to be an equally strong mucosal adjuvant as CT, but it did not induce inflammatory changes in the nasal mucosa or accumulate in the nervous tissues, when given intranasally. Neither was the efficacy of CTA1-DD due to endotoxin-contamination of the adjuvant preparation. Intranasal immunization with antigen inserted into the CTA1-DD adjuvant induced clonal expansion and activation of T cell receptor transgenic CD4+ T cells in the nasal associated lymphoid tissue and the draining lymph nodes. These effects were associated with germinal center formations. Furthermore, CTA1-DD promoted a balanced Th1/Th2 response after intranasal administration, with little effect on IgE antibody production. Our data suggests that CTA1-DD can act on B cells as well as on non-B cells to augment APC-function and that the enzymatic activity complements a much weaker inherent adjuvant function of the fusion protein, perhaps residing in the DD-element.We believe that the non-toxic CTA1-DD adjuvant is an attractive solution to the current dilemma between efficacy and toxicity, encountered in CT-holotoxin adjuvant strategies. Taken this together with our finding that CTA1-DD had immuno-enhancing effects also in a human system, the newly developed CTA1-DD adjuvant provides a safe and promising candidate to be included in future mucosal vaccines for human use.
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| 20. |
- Eriksson (Barajas), Katarina, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Hej och välkomna till barnens sagotimme : Barn leker barnkultur på fritids
- 2002
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Barnkulturforskningen vilar på en lång tradition inom ämnen som estetiskt skapande, medier, leksaker, kamratkulturer, folklore, lek, litteratur, musik, teater och dans. Begreppet barnkultur definieras ofta som den samhällsstödda (kanoniserade) kultur som skapas av vuxna för barn (Hanson & Sommansson, 1998). Barns kultur kan däremot definieras som de sociala handlingar barn utför inom ramarna för friutrymmen som de skapar sig eller har att tillgå inom sociala institutioner som fritidshem, familj eller skola (Hanson & Sommansson, 1998; James, Jenks & Prout, 1998).Barnkulturforskning studerar och analyserar inte enbart samhällsstödd kultur. Den gemensamma nämnaren för denna forskningstradition är att de flesta inom området studerar och analyserar kulturella uttryck som vänder sig till barn, så som barnlitteratur, barnteater, data- och videospel, samt reklam riktad till barn alternativt föreställande barn.Det har inte bedrivits lika mycket forskning om barns kultur som om barnkultur. Merparten av den forskning som finns inom området bygger på likartade metodologiska utgångspunkter. Oftast utgår studierna från etnografiskt material eller från intervjusamtal.Allison James, Chris Jenks och James Prout (1998) argumenterar för empiriska studier av barns kultur som synliggör dynamiken mellan individ och samhälle. Författarna beskriver barns kultur som ett sätt att vara barn bland andra barn med en speciell kulturell stil men de menar samtidigt att detta alltid hänger samman med specifika tider, rum och platser. Deras perspektiv på barns kultur definieras som samhälleligt kontextualiserade sociala handlingar och inte enkom som skämt, ramsor eller folklore vilket var vanligt i tidigare forskning (jfr exempelvis Opie & Opie, 1970). Författarna menar att barn inte endast anpassar sig till de strukturer eller institutioner de omges av. Genom tillägnande, transformering och motstånd blir barnen aktörer i förhållande till rådande diskurser (James et al., 1998). Barns kultur blir därmed ett begrepp som präglas av både rörelse, pluralism och fragmentering, vilket i sin tur innebär att barns kultur egentligen bör benämnas barns kulturer.Att studera barns kultur medför en förståelse av barn som individer med aktörskap. Att studera barn som aktörer kan innebära olika saker. I detta arbete menas med aktörskap ett studium av barns egna handlingar i vardagen. Det innebär att vår förståelse av barn är att de är samhällsvarelser som både influeras av och blir influerade av sin omvärld.En vanlig vuxeninitierad barnkulturpraktik är sagostunden, vanligast förekommande inom förskolan (se till exempel Asplund Carlsson & Graneld, 1995) och på bibliotekens barnavdelning.Barns språkutveckling och metod för att utläsa och förstå sin tillvaro börjar långt tidigare än förmågan att tala och läsa, hävdar Shirley Brice Heath i What no bedtime story means: Narrative skills at home and school (1982). Heath refererar bl a till ett medelklassområde med stark anknytning till skolkulturen i sydöstra USA, kallat Maintown. Där uppmuntras barnen tidigt av sina föräldrar att lära sig läsa och tolka sin tillvaro genom identifikation av objekt och föremål i till exempel bilderböcker. Dessutom uppmanas dessa medelklassbarn att se samband mellan avbildade föremål och bild; en metod som Heath kallar what-reasoning.Genom att studera barn som leker1 en sådan vuxeniniterad barnkulturpraktik – sagostund – kan man få ökad kunskap om hur barn ser på kulturevenemang som vuxna förser dem med. Denna studie kan därmed sägas anlägga ett dubbelt fokus: på barns kultur och på barnkultur.
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| 21. |
- Eriksson, Eva, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of long-chain fatty acids in grey wastewater with in-vial derivatisation
- 2003
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0306-7319 .- 1029-0397. ; 83:12, s. 987-995
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The presence and levels of long-chain fatty acids (C6–C20) in grey wastewater from bathrooms have been investigated. The acids were purified and concentrated by solid-phase extraction on strong anion exchange discs, in-vial derivatised to their corresponding methyl ester and subsequently analysed by GC-MS. The method was able to quantify the acids at concentration <1 µg/L with a recovery of 31–97%. The levels of fatty acids were found in the range of <0.5 to 27 100 µg/L and the highest levels were found for the saturated lauric (C12), palmitic (C16) and stearic (C18) acids. The treatment efficiency of a local treatment plant was evaluated by comparing concentrations of fatty acids at the inlet and the outlet. It was found that the treatability decreases with increasing chain length for the saturated acids (19–100% degradation) whereas the corresponding mono unsaturated acids were more easily degraded.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Eriksson, Eva, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Characteristics of grey wastewater
- 2002
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Ingår i: Urban Water. - 1462-0758. ; 4:1, s. 85-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The composition of grey wastewater depends on sources and installations from where the water is drawn, e.g. kitchen, bathroom or laundry. The chemical compounds present originate from household chemicals, cooking, washing and the piping. In general grey wastewater contains lower levels of organic matter and nutrients compared to ordinary wastewater, since urine, faeces and toilet paper are not included. The levels of heavy metals are however in the same concentration range. The information regarding the content of xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs) is limited. From this study, 900 different XOCs were identified as potentially present in grey wastewater by the use of tables of contents of household chemical products. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 25. |
- Eriksson, Eva, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Household chemicals and personal care products as sources for xenobiotic organic compounds in grey wastewater
- 2003
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Ingår i: Water S.A.. - : Academy of Science of South Africa. - 0378-4738 .- 1816-7950. ; 29:2, s. 135-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite contributing 75% of the total wastewater flow to domestic sewers, little is currently known concerning the detailed production patterns and characteristics of grey wastewater. In this study, an inventory of the consumption of household chemicals including a diary survey of water-consuming activities was carried out over seven consecutive days in a block of flats. In total 290 parameters in 92 household chemicals were registered in the inventory in which 30 out of 38 tenants participated. The study was accompanied by quantitative analyses of selected parameters and a screening for organic components in grey wastewater. More than 190 individual components were identified by GC-MS. Identified substances were grouped into eight substance classes based on their application and their concentrations were semi-quantitatively assessed. Several fragrances like citronellol, hexyl cinnamic aldehyde and menthol as well as some preservatives, e.g. citric acid and triclosan, were identified. The measurements also showed that unwanted and unexpected compounds like drugs and pesticides could be present, as well as chemicals not directly deriving from household chemicals or personal care products, e.g. flame-retardants. The inventory provided detailed information about the consumption of various types of household chemicals, but no information on compound concentrations could be assessed due to the limited data in the list of contents of the household chemicals. It was shown that tracking of potentially toxic compounds used in households was possible.
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