| 1. |
- Kehoe, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 364:6438, s. 341-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
- Akselsson, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Weathering rates in Swedish forest soils
- 2019
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 16:22, s. 4429-4450
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soil and water acidification was internationally recognised as a severe environmental problem in the late 1960s. The interest in establishing “critical loads” led to a peak in weathering research in the 1980s and 1990s, since base cation weathering is the long-term counterbalance to acidification pressure. Assessments of weathering rates and associated uncertainties have recently become an area of renewed research interest, this time due to demand for forest residues to provide renewable bioenergy. Increased demand for forest fuels increases the risk of depleting the soils of base cations produced in situ by weathering. This is the background to the research programme Quantifying Weathering Rates for Sustainable Forestry (QWARTS), which ran from 2012 to 2019. The programme involved research groups working at different scales, from laboratory experiments to modelling. The aims of this study were to (1) investigate the variation in published weathering rates of base cations from different approaches in Sweden, with consideration of the key uncertainties for each method; (2) assess the robustness of the results in relation to sustainable forestry; and (3) discuss the results in relation to new insights from the QWARTS programme and propose ways to further reduce uncertainties. In the study we found that the variation in estimated weathering rates at single-site level was large, but still most sites could be placed reliably in broader classes of weathering rates. At the regional level, the results from the different approaches were in general agreement. Comparisons with base cation losses after stem-only and whole-tree harvesting showed sites where whole-tree harvesting was clearly not sustainable and other sites where variation in weathering rates from different approaches obscured the overall balance. Clear imbalances appeared mainly after whole-tree harvesting in spruce forests in southern and central Sweden. Based on the research findings in the QWARTS programme, it was concluded that the PROFILE/ForSAFE family of models provides the most important fundamental understanding of the contribution of weathering to long-term availability of base cations to support forest growth. However, these approaches should be continually assessed against other approaches. Uncertainties in the model approaches can be further reduced, mainly by finding ways to reduce uncertainties in input data on soil texture and associated hydrological parameters but also by developing the models, e.g. to better represent biological feedbacks under the influence of climate change.
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| 3. |
- Banerjee, Indradumna, et al.
(författare)
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Slipdisc : A versatile sample preparation platform for point of care diagnostics
- 2017
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Ingår i: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2046-2069. ; 7:56, s. 35048-35054
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report a microfluidic sample preparation platform called "Slipdisc" based on slipchip technology. Slipdisc is a rotational slipchip that uses a unique hand-wound clockwork mechanism for precise movement of specially fabricated polycarbonate discs. In operation, the microchannels and microchambers carved on the closely aligned microfluidic discs convert from continuous filled paths to defined compartments using the slip movement. The clockwork mechanism introduced here is characterised by a food dye experiment and a conventional HRP TMB reaction before measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme levels, which is a crucial biomarker for neonatal diagnostics. The colorimetry based detection of LDH was performed with an unmodified camera and an image analysis procedure based on normalising images and observing changes in red channel intensity. The analysis showed a close to unity coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.96) in detecting the LDH concentration when compared with a standard Chemical Analyser, demonstrating the excellent performance of the slipdisc platform with colorimetric detection. The versatile point of care sample preparation platform should ideally be suited for a multitude of applications at resource-limited settings.
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| 4. |
- Díaz, Eliecer R., et al.
(författare)
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Depth-related spatial patterns of sublittoral blue mussel beds and their associated macrofaunal diversity revealed by geostatistical analyses
- 2015
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Ingår i: Marine Ecology Progress Series. - : Inter-Research Science Center. - 0171-8630 .- 1616-1599. ; 540, s. 121-134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The blue mussel Mytilus edulis is a foundation species with ecosystem engineering functions in the brackish, non-tidal Baltic Sea. In this study from the western Gulf of Finland, the relationship between the spatial patchiness of blue mussels and the diversity of associated macrofauna was examined across small scales (centimeters to meters) for the first time in subtidal habitats. It was demonstrated using geostatistical tools that blue mussel abundance and the diversity of associated macrofauna varied and interacted at 2 depths. Classic analyses (ANOVAs, correlations and multivariate techniques) detected no relationships between the abundance of blue mussels and their associated macrofaunal diversity, or differences in the abundance of mussels or the diversity of associated macrofauna between depths. Using semivariograms, differences in spatial heterogeneity between depths emerged: i.e. patchiness at 5 m and random patterns at 8 m depth. Cross-semivariograms detected negative spatial co-variation between blue mussel abundance and diversity of macrofauna at 5 m, but positive and neutral spatial relationships at 8 m depth. Combining the approaches suggested that high dislodgment of mussels in shallow environments causes this pattern. Dislodgement effects may be compensated for by increased turnover of small mussels in patches within mussel beds, which would result in reduced habitat space for associated macrofauna. On the basis of our results, it is suggested that patchiness of a foundation species is an ecological response, or result of a disturbance, that reduces the diversity of the associated macrofaunal community.
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| 5. |
- Erlandsson, Johan
(författare)
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CONTROLLED ASSEMBLY AND FUNCTIONALISATION OF CELLULOSE-BASED MATERIALS
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The environmental effects caused by the use of fossil-based resources have intensified and driven society and research towards new materials and processes that utilise renewable resources. Within the development of new materials, wood has been identified as a raw-material from which high performing materials can be derived. One such material is cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) which are capable of replacing several currently used fossil-based materials. However, for CNFs to exhibit the required material properties they need to be chemically or physically modified. This means that the properties of the CNFs can be specifically adapted to fit the demand in particular areas, for example electrical energy storage. In these applications it is the mechanical properties; the large, easily functionalised surface and ability to be moulded into 3D shapes that make CNFs a highly interesting raw material.This thesis explores the formation and functionalisation of CNF- and fibre-based materials and their novel use in applications such as energy storage. The wet stability of the materials was achieved by crosslinking and ice templating the fibrils by a novel freezing procedure, which makes it possible to avoid the use of freeze-drying and subsequent crosslinking. Using colloidal probe atomic force microscopy adhesion measurements, hemiacetals were shown to be formed between the aldehyde-containing fibrils when they are brought into molecular contact, for example during ice templating. Hemiacetal crosslinked aerogels have been shaped and functionalised to demonstrate their application as biomimetic structural composites, electrical circuits and electrical cells. In addition, crosslinked, light-weight 3D fibre networks were prepared with á similar chemistry by a self-assembly process of pulp fibres. These networks could be dried under ambient conditions and the materials formed were wet-stable due to the hemiacetal crosslinks formed in the fibre–fibre contacts, which provided the networks with excellent mechanical properties and shape recovery capacity in water.Finally, using a newly developed polyampholyte and mixing it with CNFs, heterofunctional composite films and aerogels could be prepared. By activating crosslinkable groups in these composite materials, they were able to undergo further water based chemical functionalisation. In this highly dispersed state, the composite could be irreversibly crosslinked by a hydrothermal treatment to create transparent, low solid content hydrogels.
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| 6. |
- Erlandsson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Cross-Linked and Shapeable Porous 3D Substrates from Freeze-Linked Cellulose Nanofibrils.
- 2019
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Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 20:2, s. 728-737
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemically cross-linked highly porous nanocellulose aerogels with complex shapes have been prepared using a freeze-linking procedure that avoids common post activation of cross-linking reactions and freeze-drying. The aerogel shapes ranged from simple geometrical three-dimensional bodies to swirls and solenoids. This was achieved by molding or extruding a periodate oxidized cellulose nanofibril (CNF) dispersion prior to chemical cross-linking in a regular freezer or by reshaping an already prepared aerogel by plasticizing the structure in water followed by reshaping and locking the aerogel into its new shape. The new shapes were most likely retained by new cross-links formed between CNFs brought into contact by the deformation during reshaping. This self-healing ability to form new bonds after plasticization and redrying also contributed to the mechanical resilience of the aerogels, allowing them to be cyclically deformed in the dry state, reswollen with water, and redried with good retention of mechanical integrity. Furthermore, by exploiting the shapeability and available inner structure of the aerogels, a solenoid-shaped aerogel with all surfaces coated with a thin film of conducting polypyrrole was able to produce a magnetic field inside the solenoid, demonstrating electromagnetic properties. Furthermore, by biomimicking the porous interior and stiff exterior of the beak of a toucan bird, a functionalized aerogel was created by applying a 300 μm thick stiff wax coating on its molded external surfaces. This composite material displayed a 10-times higher elastic modulus compared to that of the plain aerogel without drastically increasing the density. These examples show that it is possible to combine advanced shaping with functionalization of both the inner structure and the surface of the aerogels, radically extending the possible use of CNF aerogels.
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| 7. |
- Erlandsson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Macro- and mesoporous nanocellulose beads for use in energy storage devices
- 2016
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Ingår i: APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY. - : Elsevier. - 2352-9407. ; 5, s. 246-254
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemically cross-linked, wet-stable cellulose nanofibril (CNF) aerogel beads were fabricated using a novel procedure. The procedure facilitated controlled production of millimetre-sized CNF aerogel beads without freeze-drying or critical point drying, while still retaining a highly porous structure with low density. The aerogel beads were mechanically robust in the dry state, supporting loads of 1.3 N at 70% compression, even after being soaked in water and re-dried. Furthermore, they displayed both a good stability in water and a remarkably good shape recovery after wet compression. Owing to the stability in water, the entire surface of the highly porous aerogel beads could be successfully functionalized with polyelectrolytes and carboxyl-functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes (CF-SWCNTs) using the Layer-by-Layer technique, introducing a significant electrical conductivity (1.6 mS/cm) to the aerogel beads. The functionalized, electrically conducting aerogel beads could carry as much as 2 kA/cm(2) and act as electrodes in a supercapacitor displaying a stabilized charge storage capacity of 9.8 F/g after 50 charging-discharging cycles.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Erlandsson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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On the mechanism behind freezing-induced chemical crosslinking in ice-templated cellulose nanofibril aerogels
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 6:40, s. 19371-19380
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The underlying mechanism related to freezing-induced crosslinking of aldehyde-containing cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) has been investigated, and the critical parameters behind this process have been identified. The aldehydes introduced by periodate oxidation allows for formation of hemiacetal bonds between the CNFs provided the fibrils are in sufficiently close contact before the water is removed. This is achieved during the freezing process where the cellulose components are initially separated, and the growth of ice crystals forces the CNFs to come into contact in the thin lamellae between the ice crystals. The crosslinked 3-D structure of the CNFs can subsequently be dried under ambient conditions after solvent exchange and still maintain a remarkably low density of 35 kg m-3, i.e. a porosity greater than 98%. A lower critical amount of aldehydes, 0.6 mmol g-1, was found necessary in order to generate a crosslinked 3-D CNF structure of sufficient strength not to collapse during the ambient drying. The chemical stability of the 3-D structure can be further enhanced by converting the hemiacetals to acetals by treatment with an alcohol under acidic conditions.
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| 11. |
- Erlandsson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal fractionation of preoperative radiotherapy and timing to surgery for rectal cancer (Stockholm III): a multicentre, randomised, non-blinded, phase 3, non-inferiority trial
- 2017
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Ingår i: The Lancet Oncology. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 1470-2045 .- 1474-5488. ; 18:3, s. 336-346
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Radiotherapy reduces the risk of local recurrence in rectal cancer. However, the optimal radiotherapy fractionation and interval between radiotherapy and surgery is still under debate. We aimed to study recurrence in patients randomised between three different radiotherapy regimens with respect to fractionation and time to surgery. Methods In this multicentre, randomised, non-blinded, phase 3, non-inferiority trial (Stockholm III), all patients with a biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma of the rectum, without signs of non-resectability or distant metastases, without severe cardiovascular comorbidity, and planned for an abdominal resection from 18 Swedish hospitals were eligible. Participants were randomly assigned with permuted blocks, stratified by participating centre, to receive either 5 x 5 Gy radiation dose with surgery within 1 week (short-course radiotherapy) or after 4-8 weeks (short-course radiotherapy with delay) or 25 x 2 Gy radiation dose with surgery after 4-8 weeks (long-course radiotherapy with delay). After a protocol amendment, randomisation could include all three treatments or just the two short-course radiotherapy treatments, per hospital preference. The primary endpoint was time to local recurrence calculated from the date of randomisation to the date of local recurrence. Comparisons between treatment groups were deemed non-inferior if the upper limit of a double-sided 90% CI for the hazard ratio (HR) did not exceed 1.7. Patients were analysed according to intention to treat for all endpoints. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00904813. Findings Between Oct 5, 1998, and Jan 31, 2013, 840 patients were recruited and randomised; 385 patients in the three-arm randomisation, of whom 129 patients were randomly assigned to short-course radiotherapy, 128 to short-course radiotherapy with delay, and 128 to long-course radiotherapy with delay, and 455 patients in the two-arm randomisation, of whom 228 were randomly assigned to short-course radiotherapy and 227 to short-course radiotherapy with delay. In patients with any local recurrence, median time from date of randomisation to local recurrence in the pooled short-course radiotherapy comparison was 33.4 months (range 18.2-62.2) in the short-course radiotherapy group and 19.3 months (8.5-39.5) in the short-course radiotherapy with delay group. Median time to local recurrence in the long-course radiotherapy with delay group was 33.3 months (range 17.8-114.3). Cumulative incidence of local recurrence in the whole trial was eight of 357 patients who received short-course radiotherapy, ten of 355 who received short-course radiotherapy with delay, and seven of 128 who received long-course radiotherapy (HR vs short-course radiotherapy: short-course radiotherapy with delay 1.44 [95% CI 0.41-5.11]; long-course radiotherapy with delay 2.24 [0.71-7.10]; p=0.48; both deemed non-inferior). Acute radiation-induced toxicity was recorded in one patient (amp;lt;1%) of 357 after short-course radiotherapy, 23 (7%) of 355 after short-course radiotherapy with delay, and six (5%) of 128 patients after long-course radiotherapy with delay. Frequency of postoperative complications was similar between all arms when the three-arm randomisation was analysed (65 [50%] of 129 patients in the short-course radiotherapy group; 48 [38%] of 128 patients in the short-course radiotherapy with delay group; 50 [39%] of 128 patients in the long-course radiotherapy with delay group; odds ratio [OR] vs short-course radiotherapy: short-course radiotherapy with delay 0.59 [95% CI 0.36-0.97], long-course radiotherapy with delay 0.63 [0.38-1.04], p=0.075). However, in a pooled analysis of the two short-course radiotherapy regimens, the risk of postoperative complications was significantly lower after short-course radiotherapy with delay than after short-course radiotherapy (144 [53%] of 355 vs 188 [41%] of 357; OR 0.61 [95% CI 0.45-0.83] p=0.001). Interpretation Delaying surgery after short-course radiotherapy gives similar oncological results compared with short-course radiotherapy with immediate surgery. Long-course radiotherapy with delay is similar to both short-course radiotherapy regimens, but prolongs the treatment time substantially. Although radiation-induced toxicity was seen after short-course radiotherapy with delay, postoperative complications were significantly reduced compared with short-course radiotherapy. Based on these findings, we suggest that short-course radiotherapy with delay to surgery is a useful alternative to conventional short-course radiotherapy with immediate surgery.
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| 12. |
- Erlandsson, Johan
(författare)
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Preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer : aspects on fractionation and timing of surgery
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Neo-adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) in rectal cancer (RC) reduces the risk for local recurrence (LR). The optimal fractionation or time to surgery is not determined. The focus areas of this thesis are different RT-courses and timing of surgery in patients with RC. The Stockholm III trial forms the basis of the studies included in the thesis. Between 1998 – 2013, patients with primarily resectable adenocarcinoma of the rectum were randomly allocated to three different RT-courses. SRT - 5 Gy x 5 and surgery within one week, SRT-delay- 5 Gy x 5 and surgery after 4-8 weeks or LRT-delay - 2 Gy x 25 and surgery after 4-8-weeks. Including centres could choose to randomise patients between three courses or between the two courses with 5 Gy x 5. Primary endpoint was time to LR, secondary end points included distant metastases (DM), survival, tumour regression and adverse events. All patients have been registered in the Swedish ColoRectal Cancer Registry. Paper I. All 840 patients randomised in the Stockholm III trial were analysed after a minimum follow up of 2 years. 357, 355 and 128 patients were allocated to SRT, SRT-delay and LRT-delay respectively. The three armed randomisation was analysed separately and the patients randomised to any of the courses with 5 Gy x 5 were pooled and analysed in a short course RT comparison. About 6 -7 % of the patients with a delay to surgery required hospitalisation between start of RT and surgery due to RT-induced toxicity. In total, 25 patients had a LR within the follow up time, without statistical significant differences between the groups. The cumulative incidence of DM, overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS) did not differ between the groups. We found a statistical significant reduction of post-operative complications in SRT-delay compared to SRT (OR 0·61 [95% CI 0·45–0·83] p=0·001). Paper II. The aim this study was to evaluate the post-operative complications in relation to the exact overall treatment time (OTT). Patients were categorized according to OTT and fractionation. Patients that received 5 Gy x 5 were divided into four groups; Group A: 7 days, B: 8-13 days, C: 5-7 weeks, D: 8-13 weeks. Patients that received 2 Gy x 25 were divided in two groups; Group E: 9-11 weeks and F: 12-14 weeks. Main outcome was post-operative complications defined as any-, surgicalor infectious complication. Adjusted odds ratios (any complication) were; A vs. B OR (95 % CI); 0.72 (0.40-1.32) p=0.289, C vs. B 0.50 (0.30-0.84) p=0.009, and D vs. B 0.39 (0.23-0.65) p<0.001. There were no statistical significant differences between group E and F. Paper III. In this study, all available histopathology slides from the resected tumours have been reassessed by one pathologist. Tumour regression was the main outcome and secondary outcomes were histopathological characteristics and the correlation between tumour response and survival. Patients randomised to SRT-delay showed more tumour regression compared to the other arms. A complete pathology graded tumour regression (pCR) was seen in about 10 % of the patients after SRT-delay. Patients with pCR had improved OS and time to recurrence, compared to patients with lower regression grades. Hazard Ratio pCR vs no-pCR: OS: 0.51 (0.26–0.99) p = 0.046, TTR: 0.27 (0.09–0.86) p = 0.027. Paper IV. Long-term follow up of the Stockholm III trial after a minimum follow-up of 5 years. The endpoints from paper I were analysed. The incidence of LR was 11 of 357 (3,1 %), 13 of 355 (3,7) %, 7 of 128 (5,5%) in SRT, SRT-delay and LRT-delay. Incidence of DM was 88 of 257 (24,7%), 82 of 355 (23,1%), 38 of 128 (29,7%). The median OS was 8.14 (7.23-9.98), 10.18 (8.45-11.68) 10,53 (6.95-11.34) years in SRT, SRT-delay and LRT-delay without statistical differences between the groups, log-rank SRT vs. SRT-delay p=0.162 (short course RT comparison), SRT vs. LRT-delay p=0.738 (three armed randomisation). In conclusion, we found no statistical differences between the arms regarding oncological outcomes (LR, DM, OS, RFS). SRT-delay is an alternative with less post-operative complications and higher possibility of pCR compared to SRT. LRT-delay demands more RT-resources without any other obvious gain.
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| 13. |
- Erlandsson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial structure of body size of European flounder (Platichthys flesus L.) in the Baltic Sea
- 2017
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Ingår i: Fisheries Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-7836 .- 1872-6763. ; 189, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The spatial structure of fish species is important for stock identification and management. The European flounder (Platichthys flesus L) shows morphological differences across the Baltic Sea Proper. However, it is not known whether flounders cluster into several distinct areas based on morphological characters, indicating discrete sub-populations, or whether they show continuous morphological variation along space indicating a more continuous population structure. Here, we study the spatial structure of body length and length-at-age distributions of the European flounder (Platichthys flesus L.) across the Baltic Sea Proper (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) subdivisions 25-28) using high spatial resolution data (ICES rectangles) from fishery independent surveys 2008-2014. Our results are in agreement with genetic data suggesting a continuous gradient of decreasing body length from southwest to north-east. Further, we observed distance decay in the spatial synchrony of temporal changes in the length distributions, such that the temporal trends were correlated among adjacent ICES rectangles but independent across the whole study area. Length-at-age and maturity patterns that were calculated for each subdivision also showed a consistent spatial difference where SD 28 was significantly different from SD 25 and 26. Our results indicate that the European flounder in the Baltic Sea consists of several loosely defined sub-populations, which may warrant a reconsideration of assessment models, management targets and regulations across subdivisions. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 14. |
- Erlandsson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Tumour regression after radiotherapy for rectal cancer - Results from the randomised Stockholm III trial
- 2019
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Ingår i: Radiotherapy and Oncology. - : ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD. - 0167-8140 .- 1879-0887. ; 135, s. 178-186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and purpose: Neoadjuvant radiotherapy (RT) in rectal cancer induces tumour regression with a possible complete response (pCR). The optimal fractionation and timing to surgery is not established. The Stockholm III trial randomly assigned 840 patients to 5 x 5 Gy surgery within one week (SRT), 5 x 5 Gy with surgery after 4-8 weeks, and 2 Gy x 25 with surgery after 4-8 weeks (LRT-delay). The aim of this substudy was to assess tumour regression and correlation to survival. Material and methods: All available microscopy slides were assessed by one pathologist, blinded to treatment, regarding tumour regression, graded according to the Dworak system (TRG), TNM-stage and other standard histopathology characteristics. Patients' data were collected from the Swedish ColoRectal Cancer Registry. Outcomes were TRG, pCR-rates, overall survival (OS) and time to recurrence (TTR). Results: 318, 285 and 94 patients were included in the SRT, SRT-delay and LRT-delay groups. Median follow up was 5.7 years. There were significantly lower tumour stages after SRT-delay. pCR was seen in 1 (0.3%), 29 (10.4%) and 2 (2.2%) patients in SRT, SRT-delay and LRT-delay, respectively. The pCR and Dworak grade 4 were associated with superior survival. pCR vs no-pCR Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) OS: 0.51 (0.26-0.99) p = 0.046, TTR: 0.27 (0.09-0.86) p = 0.027. Conclusion: SRT-delay induces pCR in about 10% of the patients and is in this aspect superior to 25 x 2 Gy. A complete tumour response, TRG 4 using the Dworak system, or a pCR, is associated with superior OS and TTR.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Falkenmark, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding of water resilience in the Anthropocene
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Hydrology X. - : Elsevier BV. - 2589-9155. ; 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water is indispensable for Earth resilience and sustainable development. The capacity of social-ecological systems to deal with shocks, adapting to changing conditions and transforming in situations of crisis are fundamentally dependent on the functions of water to e.g., regulate the Earth's climate, support biomass production, and supply water resources for human societies. However, massive, inter-connected, human interference involving climate forcing, water withdrawal, dam constructions, and land-use change have significantly disturbed these water functions and induced regime shifts in social-ecological systems. In many cases, changes in core water functions have pushed systems beyond tipping points and led to fundamental shifts in system feedback. Examples of such transgressions, where water has played a critical role, are collapse of aquatic systems beyond water quality and quantity thresholds, desertification due to soil and ecosystem degradation, and tropical forest dieback associated with self-amplifying moisture and carbon feedbacks. Here, we aggregate the volumes and flows of water involved in water functions globally, and review the evidence of freshwater related linear collapse and non-linear tipping points in ecological and social systems through the lens of resilience theory. Based on the literature review, we synthesize the role of water in mediating different types of ecosystem regime shifts, and generalize the process by which life support systems are at risk of collapsing due to loss of water functions. We conclude that water plays a fundamental role in providing social-ecological resilience, and suggest that further research is needed to understand how the erosion of water resilience at local and regional scale may potentially interact, cascade, or amplify through the complex, globally hyper-connected networks of the Anthropocene.
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| 17. |
- Filipsson, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of temperature and a piscivorous fish on diel winter behaviour of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta)
- 2019
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Ingår i: Freshwater Biology. - : Wiley. - 0046-5070 .- 1365-2427. ; 64:1+, s. 1797-1805
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low winter temperatures constrain predator-detection and escape capabilities, making poikilotherms vulnerable to predation. Investigations of temperature effects on predator-prey interactions can therefore be of special importance in light of ongoing climate change, where winter temperatures are predicted to increase substantially at northern latitudes. Behavioral responses of stream fishes to terrestrial predators in winter are well recognised, whereas responses to predatory fish have received little attention. Using stream flumes, we examined the anti-predator behaviour of one-summer-old brown trout (Salmo trutta) at 3 and 8 degrees C in the presence and absence of burbot (Lota lota) under night, dawn, and daylight conditions. Burbot was placed upstream of the trout, separated by net screens. Lower temperature and the presence of burbot reduced trout activity. Light increased trout shelter use, and trout sheltered more in the presence of burbot. An interaction between the presence of burbot and light conditions affected trout position in the flumes: at night and dawn, trout positioned themselves further downstream when burbot were present than when absent, whereas during the day, trout maintained the same position in the presence or absence of the predator. Our results suggest that piscivorous fish, in addition to terrestrial predators, shape the behaviour of prey fishes in streams during winter. We show how predator avoidance results in altered diel patterns of juvenile brown trout under winter conditions, and that temperature has additional effects on trout behaviour.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Hasselgren, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic rescue in an inbred Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) population
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8452 .- 1471-2954. ; 285:1875
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Isolation of small populations can reduce fitness through inbreeding depression and impede population growth. Outcrossing with only a few unrelated individuals can increase demographic and genetic viability substantially, but few studies have documented such genetic rescue in natural mammal populations. We investigate the effects of immigration in a subpopulation of the endangered Scandinavian arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), founded by six individuals and isolated for 9 years at an extremely small population size. Based on a long-term pedigree (105 litters, 543 individuals) combined with individual fitness traits, we found evidence for genetic rescue. Natural immigration and gene flow of three outbred males in 2010 resulted in a reduction in population average inbreeding coefficient (f), from 0.14 to 0.08 within 5 years. Genetic rescue was further supported by 1.9 times higher juvenile survival and 1.3 times higher breeding success in immigrant first-generation offspring compared with inbred offspring. Five years after immigration, the population had more than doubled in size and allelic richness increased by 41%. This is one of few studies that has documented genetic rescue in a natural mammal population suffering from inbreeding depression and contributes to a growing body of data demonstrating the vital connection between genetics and individual fitness.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- López Durán, Veronica, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Novel, Cellulose-Based, Lightweight, Wet-Resilient Materials with Tunable Porosity, Density, and Strength
- 2018
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Ingår i: ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 2168-0485. ; 6:8, s. 9951-9957
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Highly porous materials with low density were developed from chemically modified cellulose fibers using solvent-exchange and air drying. Periodate oxidation was initially performed to introduce aldehydes into the cellulose chain, which were then further oxidized to carboxyl groups by chlorite oxidation. Low-density materials were finally achieved by a second periodate oxidation under which the fibers self-assembled into porous fibrous networks. Following a solvent exchange to acetone, these networks could be air-dried without shrinkage. The properties of the materials were tuned by mechanical mixing with a high intensity mixer for different times prior to the second periodate oxidation, which resulted in porosities between 94.4% and 96.3% (i.e., densities between 54 and 82 kg/m(3)). The compressive strength of the materials was between 400 and 1600 kPa in the dry state and between 20 and 50 kPa in the wet state. It was also observed that in the wet state the fiber networks could be compressed up to 80% while still being able to recover their shape. These networks are highly interesting for use in different types of absorption products, and since they also have a high wet integrity, they can be modified with physical methods for different high-value-added end-use applications.
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| 23. |
- Naderi, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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A comparative study of the properties of three nano-fibrillated cellulose systems that have been produced at about the same energy consumption levels in the mechanical delamination step
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 31:3, s. 364-371
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The viscosity, tensile strength- and barrier properties of enzymatically pre-treated- (NFCEnz), carboxymethylated- (NFCCarb) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) modified (NFCCMC) nanofibrillated cellulose systems (NFC) that have been produced at about the same energy consumption levels in the mechanical delamination step in the manufacturing of the different NFCs are reported. It was found that NFCEnz and NFCCMC are characterized by low degrees of fibrillation. Carboxymethylated NFC displayed superior tensile strength properties, lower fiber fragment content and a higher viscosity when compared to NFCEnz and NFCCMC. Interestingly, NFCEnz displayed equal or better barrier properties compared to the highly fibrillated NFCCarb.
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| 24. |
- Naderi, Ali, et al.
(författare)
-
A comparative study of the properties of three nanofibrillated cellulose systems that have been produced at about the same energy consumption levels in the mechanical delamination step
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - : AB SVENSK PAPPERSTIDNING. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 31:3, s. 364-371
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The viscosity, tensile strength-and barrier properties of enzymatically pre-treated-(NFCEnz), carboxymethylated-(NFCCarb) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) modified (NFCCMC) nanofibrillated cellulose systems (NFC) that have been produced at about the same energy consumption levels in the mechanical delamination step in the manufacturing of the different NFCs are reported. It was found that NFCEnz and NFCCMC are characterized by low degrees of fibrillation. Carboxymethylated NFC displayed superior tensile strength properties, lower fiber fragment content and a higher viscosity when compared to NFCEnz and NFCCMC. Interestingly, NFCEnz displayed equal or better barrier properties compared to the highly fibrillated NFCCarb.
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| 25. |
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