| 1. |
- Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al.
(författare)
-
Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
- 2016
-
Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
|
|
| 2. |
- Malik, Jamshaid Sarwar, et al.
(författare)
-
Revisiting central limit theorem : Accurate Gaussian random number generation in VLSI
- 2015
-
Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (vlsi) Systems. - 1063-8210 .- 1557-9999. ; 23:5, s. 842-855
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gaussian random numbers (GRNs) generated by central limit theorem (CLT) suffer from errors due to deviation from ideal Gaussian behavior for any finite number of additions. In this paper, we will show that it is possible to compensate the error in CLT, thereby correcting the resultant probability density function, particularly in the tail regions. We will provide a detailed mathematical analysis to quantify the error in CLT. This provides a design space with more than four degrees of freedom to build a variety of GRN generators (GRNGs). A framework utilizes this design space to generate customized hardware architectures. We will demonstrate designs of five different architectures of GRNGs, which vary in terms of consumed memory, logic slices, and multipliers on field-programmable gate array. Similarly, depending upon application, these architectures exhibit statistical accuracy from low (4 σ ) to extremely high (12 σ). A comparison with previously published designs clearly indicate advantages of this methodology in terms of both consumed hardware resources and accuracy. We will also provide synthesis results of same designs in application-specific integrated circuit using 65-nm standard cell library. Finally, we will highlight some shortcomings associated with such architectures followed by their remedies.
|
|
