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- Gullberg, Marianne
(författare)
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Gesture as a Communication Strategy in Second Language Discourse : A Study of Learners of French and Swedish
- 1998
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gesture is always mentioned in descriptions of compensatory behaviour in second language discourse, yet it has never been adequately integrated into any theory of Communication Strategies (CSs). This study suggests a method for achieving such an integration. By combining a cognitive theory of speech-associated gestures with a process-oriented framework for CSs, gesture and speech can be seen as reflections of similar underlying processes with different output modes. This approach allows oral and gestural CSs to be classified and analysed within a unified framework. The respective fields are presented in introductory surveys, and a review is provided of studies dealing specifically with compensatory gesture–in aphasia as well as in first and second language acquisition. The experimental part of this work consists of two studies. The production study examines the gestures exploited strategically by Swedish learners of French and French learners of Swedish. The subjects retold a cartoon story in their foreign language to native speakers in conversational narratives. To enable comparisons between learners and proficiency conditions both at individual and group level, subjects performed the task in both their first and their second language. The results show that, contrary to expectations in both fields, strategic gestures do not replace speech, but complement it. Moreover, although strategic gestures are used to solve lexical problems by depicting referential features, most learner gestures instead serve either to maintain visual co-reference at discourse level, or to provide metalinguistic comments on the communicative act itself. These latter functions have hitherto been ignored in CS research. Both similarities and differences can be found between oral and gestural CSs regarding the effect of proficiency, culture, task, and success. The influence of individual communicative style and strategic communicative competence is also discussed. Finally, native listeners’ gestural behaviour is shown to be related to the co-operative effort invested by them to ensure continued interaction, which in turn depends on the proficiency levels of the non-native narrators. The evaluation study investigates native speakers’ assessments of subjects’ gestures, and the effect of gestures on evaluations of proficiency. Native speakers rank all subjects as showing normal or reduced gesture rates and ranges–irrespective of proficiency condition. The influence of gestures on proficiency assessments is modest, but tends to be positive. The results concerning the effectiveness of gestural strategies are inconclusive, however. When exposed to auditory learner data only, listeners believe gestures would improve comprehension, but when learner gestures can be seen, they are not regarded as helpful. This study stresses the need to further examine the effect of strategic behaviour on assessments, and the perception of gestures in interaction. An integrated theory of Communication Strategies has to consider that gestures operate in two ways: as local measures of communicative ‘first-aid’, and as global communication enhancement for speakers and listeners alike. A probabilistic framework is outlined, where variability in performance as well as psycholinguistic and interactional aspects of gesture use are taken into account.
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- Gullberg, Marianne, et al.
(författare)
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Gestures and speech in second language interaction
- 1998
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Ingår i: Oralité et gestualité : communication multimodale, interaction. Actes du colloque Orage'98 - communication multimodale, interaction. Actes du colloque Orage'98. - 2738469418 ; , s. 641-645
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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- Gullberg, Marianne
(författare)
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Gestures in spatial descriptions
- 1999
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Most studies of gesture production to date have been based on analyses of narrative discourse in face-to-face interaction. Issues such as the relationship between gesture types and the content of speech, as well as the distribution of particular gesture types across given narrative sequences have been investigated. Depictive gestures, e.g., are frequent where the content concerns the description of concrete objects or actions at a narrative level (McNeill 1992). Little is known about the gesture production in other discourse types, however. Just as different discourse genres have oral characteristics, they are likely to result in different gestural characteristics. In this small-scale study, a preliminary analysis is presented of the gestures produced during a spatial description task during which interlocutors were prevented from seeing each other. This paper will discuss the impact of the discourse type on the use of specific gesture types, especially on deictic gestures. In addition, the traditional issue of why speakers gesticulate at all will be briefly addressed in relation to the question of how visibility conditions affect speakers’ gesture production.
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- Gullberg, Marianne
(författare)
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Giving language a hand: gesture as a cue based communicative strategy *
- 1995
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- All accounts of communicative behaviour in general, and communicative strategies in particular, mention gesture1 in relation to language acquisition (cf. Faerch & Kasper 1983 for an overview). However, few attempts have been made to investigate how spoken language and spontaneous gesture combine to determine discourse referents. Referential gesture and referential discourse will be of particular interest, since communicative strategies in second language discourse often involve labelling problems. This paper will focus on two issues: 1) Within a cognitive account of communicative strategies, gesture will be seen to be part of conceptual or analysis-based strategies, in that relational features in the referents are exploited; 2) It will be argued that communication strategies can be seen in terms of cue manipulation in the same sense as sentence processing has been analysed in terms of competing cues. Strategic behaviour, and indeed the process of referring in general, are seen in terms of cues, combining or competing to determine discourse referents. Gesture can then be regarded as being such a cue at the discourse level, and as a cue-based communicative strategy, in that gesture functions by exploiting physically based cues which can be recognised as being part of the referent. The question of iconicity and motivation vs. the arbitrary qualities of gesture as a strategic cue will be addressed in connection with this.
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- Gullberg, Marianne, et al.
(författare)
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Keeping an eye on gestures: Visual perception of gestures in face-to-face communication
- 1999
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Ingår i: Pragmatics & Cognition. - : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 0929-0907. ; 7:1, s. 35-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since listeners usually look at the speaker's face, gestural information has to be absorbed through peripheral visual perception. In the literature, it has been suggested that listeners look at gestures under certain circumstances: 1) when the articulation of the gesture is peripheral; 2) when the speech channel is insufficient for comprehension; and 3) when the speaker him- or herself indicates that the gesture is worthy of attention. The research here reported employs eye tracking techniques to study the perception of gestures in face-to-face interaction. The improved control over the listener's visual channel allows us to test the validity of the above claims. We present preliminary findings substantiating claims 1 and 3, and relate them to theoretical proposals in the literature and to the issue of how visual and cognitive attention are related.
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- Gullberg, Marianne, et al.
(författare)
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The verbal transmission of visual information: An experimental study
- 1997
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this exploratory study is to show how visual information is verbally transmitted in an experimental task. The overall theoretical framework adopted is a modification of Chafe 1994. An experiment was designed in which a drawer was assigned the task of reproducing a stimulus picture relying only on verbal information provided by a describer. No visual contact was allowed between the subjects, but they were encouraged to freely interact verbally. Two pairs of subjects were selected. The study shows that remarkably similar drawings can result, in spite of dyad differences with respect to (1) the describers’ focus-directing preferences, as reflected by their verbal output, (2) drawer strategies for solving the task, and (3) interactional styles.
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