| 1. |
- Holmgren, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Cytokine mRNA expression in bronchoalveolar lavage cells during Dictyocaulus viviparus infection in calves
- 2014
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Ingår i: Parasite Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0141-9838 .- 1365-3024. ; 36, s. 78-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to monitor local cytokine responses to Dictyocaulus viviparus in calves during primary infection and re-infection. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected weekly from experimentally infected calves and interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IFN- mRNA expression was quantified in BALF cells. The major finding was a prominent transient increase in IL-4 mRNA expression, compared with that of uninfected calves, observed in BALF cells collected 2-3weeks post-primary D.viviparus infection. At 2weeks post-infection, macroscopic worms were also first observed in BALF. Calves re-infected after 10weeks were partially immune which was evident at slaughter 5weeks post-infection as a lower worm burden than in previously naive calves infected at the same time. IL-4 mRNA expression in BALF cells 2weeks post-re-infection was increased compared with that of uninfected animals but not as high as that of primarily infected calves. BALF cell expression of the other cytokines tested for was not as clearly effected by the D.viviparus infection. It seems likely that the strong IL-4 response observed during primary infection reflects an innate response to the worms that may initiate an ensuing Th2 response, which confers protective immunity.
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| 2. |
- Johansson Wensman, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Expression of interferon gamma in the brain of cats with natural Borna disease virus infection
- 2011
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Ingår i: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-2427 .- 1873-2534. ; 141, s. 162-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic, negative-stranded RNA virus, which causes a non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis in a wide range of animals. In cats, BDV infection leads to staggering disease. In spite of a vigorous immune response the virus persists in the central nervous system (CNS) in both experimentally and naturally infected animals. Since the CNS is vulnerable to cytotoxic effects mediated via NK-cells and cytotoxic T-cells, other non-cytolytic mechanisms such as the interferon (IFN) system is favourable for viral clearance. In this study, IFN-gamma expression in the brain of cats with clinical signs of staggering disease (N = 12) was compared to the expression in cats with no signs of this disease (N = 7) by quantitative RT-PCR. The IFN-gamma expression was normalised against the expression of three reference genes (HPRT, RPS7, YWHAZ). Cats with staggering disease had significantly higher expression of IFN-gamma compared to the control cats (p-value <= 0.001). There was no significant difference of the IFN-gamma expression in BDV-positive (N = 7) and negative (N = 5) cats having clinical signs of staggering disease. However, as BDV-RNA still could be detected, despite an intense IFN-gamma expression, BDV needs to have mechanisms to evade this antiviral immune response of the host, to be able to persist. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Johansson Wensman, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Markers of Borna disease virus infection in cats with staggering disease
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 14, s. 573-582
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Borna disease virus (BDV) is a RNA-virus causing neurological disorders in a wide range of mammals. In cats, BDV infection may cause staggering disease. Presently, staggering disease is a tentative clinical diagnosis, only confirmed at necropsy. In this study, cats with staggering disease were investigated to study markers of BDV infection aiming for improvement of current diagnostics. Nineteen cats fulfilled the inclusion criteria based on neurological signs and pathological findings. In 17/19 cats, BDV infection markers (BDV-specific antibodies and/or BDV-RNA) were found, and antibodies in serum (13/16, 81%) were the most common marker. BDV-RNA was found in 11/19 cats (58%). In a reference population without neurological signs, 4/25 cats were seropositive (16%). The clinical history and neurological signs in combination with presence of BDV infection markers, where serology and rRT-PCR on blood can be helpful tools, improve the diagnostic accuracy in the living cat.
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| 4. |
- Ström Holst, Bodil, et al.
(författare)
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Canine Herpesvirus During Pregnancy and Non-Pregnant Luteal Phase
- 2012
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Ingår i: Reproduction in Domestic Animals. - : Wiley. - 0936-6768 .- 1439-0531. ; 47, s. 362-365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Canine herpesvirus (CHV) is a widespread infection among dogs that typically get latently infected after exposure and can reactivate the infection after stress. The aim of the present study was to study the effects of latent CHV infection during pregnancy on pregnancy outcome, and to study if there are signs of genital viral reactivation during pregnancy or during non-pregnant luteal phase. Twelve mated bitches and eight control bitches were followed and sampled regularly during pregnancy or non-pregnant luteal phase. Blood samples were taken for antibody analysis and vaginal swabs for real-time PCR analysis. Three of the pregnant bitches were vaccinated against CHV during pregnancy. All bitches had antibodies to CHV. Two pregnant bitches that were not vaccinated had a twofold or larger increase in CHV titre, with no negative effects detected on pregnancy. Higher titres were not associated with smaller litters or with vaccination. There was no consistent variation in antibody titres due to pregnancy or non-pregnant luteal phase. Vaginal excretion of CHV was not detected from any of the bitches.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Ström Holst, Bodil, et al.
(författare)
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Expression of four canine leukocyte adhesion factors in fresh and stored whole blood samples evaluated using a no-lyse, no-wash method
- 2011
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Ingår i: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-2427 .- 1873-2534. ; 139, s. 271-276
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Expression of four leukocyte adhesion factors on canine leukocytes was studied by flow cytometry using a no-lyse, no-wash method. The effect of fixation and storage for up to 14 days in 1% paraformaldehyde on labelled samples and within assay variation was evaluated. Monoclonal antibodies directed to monocyte marker CD14, and to adhesion molecules CD11 a, CD18,CD32 and CD49d were used. Cell surface marker, cell population, time, and the interactions between time and cell marker significantly affected expression of cell adhesion factors. For CD18, there was a significant difference in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) between fresh and stored samples (P<0.001), but no significant difference between stored samples. The MFIs of CD11a and CD49d were not significantly affected by fixation and storage. The CVs differed significantly depending on cell marker (P<0.001) and cell population (P=0.005). Fixation and storage did not significantly affect the CV. In conclusion, a no-lyse, no-wash method can be applied to canine leukocytes. The effect of fixation and storage on the resulting MFI differs between monoclonal antibodies, and should be evaluated for each antibody before use. The coefficient of variation was generally acceptable, and high CVs were related to a low MFIs or low numbers of analysed cells. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Ström Holst, Bodil, et al.
(författare)
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Leucocyte phagocytosis during the luteal phase in bitches
- 2013
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Ingår i: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-2427 .- 1873-2534. ; 153, s. 77-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pyometra is a disease that affects a large proportion of intact bitches, and typically is seen during the latter half of dioestrus. Several factors contribute to the development of pyometra, including genetic factors, an infectious component (most often Escherichia coli), and hormonal factors. Hormones may act directly on the endometrium, and also affect the immune system. In dogs, the phagocytic ability has been shocvn to decrease with age, and ovarian hormones have also been shown to affect immune resistance. The aim of the present study was to examine whether phagocytosis by canine leucocytes varies significantly during the luteal phase. Eight bitches were followed by repeated blood sampling. Samples were taken at the calculated optimal day for mating (Day 1), and thereafter on days 8, 15 and 22 (early luteal phase) and 29, 43, 57 and 71 (late luteal phase). Blood was collected from the cephalic vein into EDTA tubes for leucocyte counts and heparinised tubes for testing of phagocytosis and oxidative burst using commercial kits and flow cytometry. The cell activity of the phagocyting leucocytes, expressed as mean fluorescence activity, ME, was significantly lower during late luteal phase than during early luteal phase. The proportion of leucocytes that was induced to phagocyte did not differ significantly. The percentage of cells stimulated by E. coli to oxidative burst was significantly lower during late luteal phase. Their activity did not differ between the two periods. The number of cells stimulated to oxidative burst by a low stimulus was too low to evaluate, and leucocytes stimulated with the high stimulus did not vary in oxidative burst between the two periods. The changes in phagocytic activity and in the number of leucocytes that showed oxidative burst were not associated with any change in the proportion of different leucocytes. The decreased phagocytic capacity possibly contributes to the higher incidence of diseases such as pyometra during the latter part of the luteal phase. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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