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- Johansson, Victoria, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Looking on and away from the word currently being typed in expository text writing
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Visual feedback from the writer’s own emerging text is generally assumed to be an important component in the process of writing. For instance, in Hayes’ (1996) model it is considered to be critically involved in the subprocesses of monitoring and revision. Despite this, few empirical investigations have actually addressed this issue and in contrast to general expectations contemporary research by Oxborough and Torrance (2012) suggests that visual feedback from the text may in fact not be essential for the production of coherent texts. However, research (e.g. Johansson et al 2010) shows that writers indeed monitor their texts during writing, and that there is a relation between editing behavior and the amount of time spent looking at the text. One question is which role the visual input has for the writer, since it is does not seem to be necessary for text production, in other words: what do the writer do when she look at the text during writing. Visual feedback from an emerging text can roughly be divided into two categories of gaze behavior: fixations concurrent with keyboard typing and fixations during pauses (when no keys are struck). The current study focuses on the former and used a combination of eye-tracking and keystroke logging to collect data for 14 relatively automatized touch typists when they wrote an expository text for 30 minutes. Collapsed over all participants, this rendered 26 349 instances where a keystroke occurred concurrent with a fixation on the emerging text. Of those keystrokes 18 450 belonged to text production and 4188 to text deletions (e.g. backspaces). On average, 87 % of the text production keystrokes were performed with fixations on the word currently being typed and with a mean location of 6 characters to the left of the inscription point. For the deletion keystrokes, corresponding measures were 68 % and 6 characters to the left of the inscription point. This means that the remaining keystrokes (13 % during text production and 32 % during deletions) occurred together with more distant fixations on previous text segments. While it has been argued that fixations on the word currently being typed are related to monitoring and error correction (Torrance & Wengelin, 2010) very little is known about the role of fixations away from the word currently being typed, and even less whether the visual feedback they provide are useful at all. Qualitative explorations of those instances in the present dataset suggest that they are indeed useful and frequently appear to be associated with referential cuing and content generation.
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- Grenner, Emily, et al.
(författare)
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Observational learning and narrative writing : improving text quality for children with and without hearing impairment
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emily Grenner & Joost van de Weijer & Lena Asker-Árnason & Victoria Johansson & Viktoria Åkerlund & Birgitta S.M. Sahlén The aim of this intervention study is to investigate if observational learning can improve narrative writing skills in 11-year-olds with and without hearing impairment. Observational learning occurs when people learn new skills from observing others, who act as models (Bandura 1997). Observing peers’ reading and writing is especially important since these processes often are invisible, and children therefore lack models for their own processes. This study was theoretically and methodologically inspired by Rijlaarsdam et al. 2008. Participants consisted of Swedish 5th-graders from two schools (School A, n=33; and School B, n= 26) with normal hearing children (NH), and from 3rd to 8:th-grade children with hearing-impairment (HI), from “hearing classes” (n=18). Prior to the intervention, background data e.g., on working memory and linguistic background was collected. In the research design the two schools with NH children (School A and B) functioned as each other's controls. The HI-school followed the School A order. All participants first wrote a personal narrative on the computer, using keystroke-logging. Then the intervention followed for School A and HI-school, while School B received ordinary lessons (with no writing instructions). After the first intervention period, all participants wrote a new narrative. Thereafter, the intervention was replicated for School B, while School A and the HI-school had ordinary tutoring. After the second intervention period, all participants wrote new narratives. The intervention consisted of 5 thematically different lessons: Lesson themes were: reader perspective, chronological structure, closing elements, revising of a peer’s text and online revision. To evaluate the text quality, all texts (n=231) were holistically rated by three independent, trained evaluators. The results showed an improvement in quality between text 1 and text 2 for School A and the HI-School, while School B had an improvement between text 2 and text 3. This shows that narrative text quality can be improved by a short series of carefully designed intervention lessons using observational learning, which contributes to the discussion about educational methods for teaching writing. Further analyses will address quantitative measures of text length, lexicon, syntactic complexity, pausing and editing, as well as a comparison between the NH and HI group.
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- Johansson, Victoria, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Revising and pausing in relation to syntactic development
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to explore revision by recording how editing patterns develop with age and experience. The data consist of 135 expository texts, collected in an experimental setting, using key-logging that records the writing, including editing and pausing behaviour. The participants were divided into five age groups: 10-year-olds (n=20), 13-year-olds (n=20), 15-year-olds (n=20), 17-year-olds (n=20) and adult university students (n=55). A subgroup of the adults (n=16) consisted of ‘experts’ who worked with texts professionally. This investigation focusses on the 7 051 pauses which occurred in connection with editing, here defined as the use of delete, arrow keys or mouse. The ‘editing pauses’ were coded for grammatical context, preceding and following the pause. Findings reveal that several editings often occur together, and that this phenomenon increases with age and expertise. For all groups, editings occur to a great extent between sentences. However, writers from 17-year-olds and upwards, are more mobile, i.e. they are not solely concerned with editing the immediately written text, but the changes are being carried out on a more global text level. In the group of ‘expert adults’, sometimes more than 40 % of the total writing time is devoted to editing the previously written text. The findings in this study show clearly that the editing behaviour develops far into adulthood. Educationally, this has implications for teaching methods on writing in general and on text editing in particular
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- Johansson, Victoria, 1973-
(författare)
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The writer and the reader : advanced writers’ cognitive processes during writing
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In their seminal writing model from 1981, Hayes & Flower identify three main components: planning, translation and reviewing. However, it is unclear how aware the writer is about the importance of these processes during writing, and what a writer herself would identify as her most important writing processes. It is also uncertain if different processes are in focus during different stages in the development of writing. Bereiter & Scardamaila’s (1987) model of knowledge tellers and knowledge transformers, in combination with Kellogg’s (2008) addition of knowledge crafters describes a development from a writer who is interested in telling everything from beginning to end, to a writer who modifies and edit her text, to a writer who has focus on the reader’s experience of the text.In this study in-depth interviews were used to find out how advanced writers think about their own writing processes. We were particularly interested in the writer’s shift from the text (knowledge transformer) to the reader’s experience of the text (knowledge crafter).We recruited 16 participants from a university program for creative writing. Most, if not all, aim at becoming professional authors. All participants volunteered to take part in a writing experiment in the beginning of their 2-year-program. However, this study focuses on the second part of the study: interviews about their views and definition of writing. More specifically the open questions dealt with their thoughts on editing, planning, reading and how “present” the reader was during their writing processes. Their answers were contrasted to a group of established authors (n=7) who got the same questions. The findings so far indicate that the students to a much less degree than the established authors planned their writing project on a global level. The students were further more concerned about their own exploration of their writing than what a potential reader may think about the text. A difference in the student group found between those few who had previously worked professionally with writing (e.g. journalists), where the awareness of the future reader were equally present as in the group of established authors.The results give room for different reflection on the students’ views on planning and the reader:1.The students may take their education in creative writing as an opportunity to explore their own writing processes, and thus putting less emphasize on both the global planning of the text and the potential readers’ reactions. In a different context they may be more concerned about the reader.2.The students were in the beginning of their education during these interviews. The program put great effort in letting their students meet and receive reader reactions to their texts. Consequently, a follow-up interview by the end of the program may reveal a different awareness of the reader.This study gives a contribution to the field of life-long learning and development of writ-ing. It will also add important knowledge for the development of teaching methods for adult writers.
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