| 1. |
- Drake, Henrik, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Using 87Sr/86Sr LA-MC-ICP-MS Transects within Modern and Ancient Calcite Crystals to Determine Fluid Flow Events in Deep Granite Fractures
- 2020
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Ingår i: Geosciences. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-3263. ; 10, s. 1-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The strontium isotope signature (87Sr/86Sr) of calcite precipitated in rock fractures and faults is a frequently used tool to trace paleofluid flow. However, bedrock fracture networks, such as in Precambrian cratons, have often undergone multiple fracture reactivations resulting in complex sequences of fracture mineral infillings. This includes numerous discrete calcite crystal overgrowths. Conventional 87Sr/86Sr analysis of dissolved bulk samples of such crystals is not feasible as they will result in mixed signatures of several growth zonations. In addition, the zonations are too fine-grained for sub-sampling using micro-drilling. Here, we apply high spatial resolution 87Sr/86Sr spot analysis(80 um) in transects through zoned calcite crystals in deep Paleoproterozoic granitoid fractures using laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) to trace discrete signs of paleofluid flow events. We compare the outermost calcite growth zone with 87Sr/86Sr values of the present-day groundwater sampled in the same boreholes to distinguish potential modern precipitates. We then connect our results to previously reported radiometric dating and C and O isotope signatures to understand the temporal history and physicochemical evolution of fluid flow within the fractures. Comparisons of modern calcite precipitated in a borehole over a period of 17 years with modern waters prove the concept of using 87Sr/86Sr as a marker for fluid origin in this environment and for how 87Sr/86Sr changed during marine water infiltration. Intermittent calcite precipitation over very long time spans is indicated in calcite of the currently open fractures, showing an evolution of 87Sr/86Sr from ~0.705–0.707—a population dated to ~1.43 billion years—to crystal overgrowth values at ~0.715–0.717 that overlap with the present-day groundwater values.This shows that high spatial resolution Sr isotope analysis of fine-scaled growth zonation within single calcite crystals is applicable for tracing episodic fluid flow in fracture networks.
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| 2. |
- Hirst, Catherine, et al.
(författare)
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Iron isotopes reveal the sources of Fe-bearing particles and colloids in the Lena River basin
- 2020
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Ingår i: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-7037 .- 1872-9533. ; 269, s. 678-692
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large Arctic rivers are important suppliers of iron to the Arctic Ocean. However, the sources of Fe-bearing particles in permafrost-dominated systems and the mechanisms driving this supply of Fe are poorly resolved. Here, Fe isotope ratios were used to determine the sources of Fe-bearing particles and colloids in the Lena River and tributaries. In samples collected after the spring floods, Fe-bearing particles (>0.22 mu m) carried similar to 70% of the Fe and have isotope ratios that are lower than, or similar to that of the continental crust. These particles are composed of a leachable Fe fraction of largely ferrihydrite, with isotope values of -1.40 parts per thousand to -0.12 parts per thousand, and a fraction of clays and Fe oxides with continental crust values. Co-existing Fe-bearing colloids (<0.22 mu m), composed mainly of ferrihydrite, have higher isotope values, of -0.22 parts per thousand to +1.83 parts per thousand. A model is proposed in which soil mineral weathering generates aqueous Fe with lower delta Fe-56 values. During transport, a small fraction of the dissolved Fe is precipitated as colloidal ferrihydrite with higher delta Fe-56 values. Most of the Fe is precipitated onto mineral grains in oxic riparian zones, with the delta Fe-56 values largely generated during weathering. Groundwater discharge and riparian erosion supply the colloids and coated particles to the rivers. The differences between delta Fe-56 values in leachates and detrital grains in Fe-bearing particles agree with values determined in mineral dissolution experiments and in Fe accumulation horizons in soils. The difference in delta Fe-56 values between leachates and colloids reflects isotope fractionation during incremental Fe(III)(aq) precipitation and Fe-OC complexation during transport towards the riparian zone. Overall, the Fe isotope values of riverine particles and colloids reflect processes that occur during mineral dissolution, transport, and secondary mineral formation in permafrost soils.
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| 3. |
- Ravindran, Arathy, et al.
(författare)
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Initial 87Sr/86Sr as a sensitive tracer of Archaean crust-mantle evolution: Constraints from igneous and sedimentary rocks in the western Dharwar Craton, India
- 2020
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Ingår i: Precambrian Research. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0301-9268 .- 1872-7433. ; 337, s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Among the rocky planets of the solar system only the Earth has “granitic” continental crust. The timing and processes involved in the formation of Earth’s first extensive crust is still enigmatic. The chemical and isotope compositions of ancient crustal rocks preserve a record of their genesis. The Rb-Sr system proves to be an efficient proxy for the reconstruction of crust-mantle evolution since it can bring together information from seawater as preserved in chemical sedimentary rocks and information from magmatic rocks that can trace the time and extent of crust formation and concomitant mantle depletion during the Archaean eon. The Dharwar Craton in India preserves a suite of metamorphosed igneous and sedimentary rocks that record its early crustal evolution. To overcome the susceptibility for resetting and the difficulty in determining initial 87Sr/86Sr, the minerals barite and apatite are used to obtain precise and accurate 87Sr/86Sr, because these minerals preferentially incorporate Sr and exclude Rb and preserve the initial Sr isotope compositions at the time of their formation. Initial 87Sr/86Sr of apatite were obtained in situ using Laser Ablation Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The robustness and only minor dispersion of the isotope ratios demonstratethe capability of matrix apatites in preserving initial Sr ratios. The least radiogenic value is used as the best estimate for the initial 87Sr/86Sr. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of apatite from igneous rocks that formed from 3.5 Ga to 2.6 Ga constrain the Rb/Sr of the source over the whole time-span. A comparison of the Sr isotopes between seawater-derived barite and initial Sr isotope ratios in apatite from igneous rocks reveals that significant mafic to intermediate crust had formed by 3.2 Ga. Studying the entire Archaean time window, a dominantly mafic crust was the main source for the granitoid rocks in the Dharwar Craton from 3.5 to 3.1 Ga, whereas the rocks from 2.9t o 2.7 Ga were extracted dominantly from the depleted mantle.
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| 4. |
- Rohtla, Mehis, et al.
(författare)
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Conservation restocking of the imperilled European eel does not necessarily equal conservation
- 2020
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Ingår i: ICES Journal of Marine Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1054-3139 .- 1095-9289. ; , s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To stop the decline of the European eel population, one of the measures taken is translocating eels for restocking, despite its conservational value being largely unknown. We aimed to contribute to this knowledge gap by (i) investigating the origin of eels caught in coastal waters of Estonia and Finland using otolith microchemistry and (ii) directly estimating restocked eel escapement from Narva River Basin District (NRBD), which is part of the primary Eel Management Unit in Estonia. In Estonia, 74% of the sampled eels (n=140) were natural recruits and 26% were restocked. In Finland, 27% of the sampled eels (n=235) were natural recruits and 73% were restocked. Only 1% of all the coastally collected eels were originally restocked to NRBD. These new data together with the reported commercial landings from the escapement route conflict with the current silver eel escapement estimation for NRBD and question the accuracy and value of such indirect calculations compiled for most Eel Management Units throughout the European Union. It is concluded that restocking eels to freshwaters may be futile as a conservation measure in some situations, and better escapement is likely achieved in restocking eels to coastal waters or undammed freshwater systems with a direct connection to the sea.
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| 5. |
- Tillberg, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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In situ Rb-Sr dating of slickenfibres in deep crystalline basement faults
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 10:1, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Establishing temporal constraints of faulting is of importance for tectonic and seismicity reconstructions and predictions. Conventional fault dating techniques commonly use bulk samples of syn-kinematic illite and other K-bearing minerals in fault gouges, which results in mixed ages of repeatedly reactivated faults as well as grain-size dependent age variations. Here we present a new approach to resolve fault reactivation histories by applying high-spatial resolution Rb-Sr dating to fine-grained mineral slickenfibres in faults occurring in Paleoproterozoic crystalline rocks. Slickenfibre illite and/or K-feldspar together with co-genetic calcite and/or albite were targeted with 50 µm laser ablation triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyses (LA-ICP-MS/MS). The ages obtained disclose slickenfibre growth at several occasions spanning over 1 billion years, from at least 1527 Ma to 349 ± 9 Ma. The timing of these growth phases and the associated structural orientation information of the kinematic indicators on the fracture surfaces are linked to far-field tectonic events, including the Caledonian orogeny. Our approach links faulting to individual regional deformation events by minimizing age mixing through micro-scale analysis of individual grains and narrow crystal zones in common fault mineral assemblages.
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| 6. |
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