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- Moses, R. G., et al.
(author)
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Safety and efficacy of inhaled insulin (AERx((R)) iDMS(1)) compared with subcutaneous insulin therapy in patients with Type 1 diabetes: 1-year data from a randomized, parallel group trial
- 2009
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In: Diabetic Medicine. - : Wiley. - 1464-5491 .- 0742-3071. ; 26:3, s. 260-267
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Assessment of the long-term safety and efficacy of liquid inhaled insulin via AERx((R)) insulin Diabetes Management System (iDMS) in a basal/bolus treatment regimen of adults with Type 1 diabetes. Patients were randomized 2 : 1 to prandial inhaled (n = 205) or subcutaneous (s.c.) (n = 99) insulin, plus one/two daily injections of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin for 12 months. The primary endpoints were pulmonary function tests (PFT) and baseline changes in chest X-rays at 12 months. Safety and efficacy assessments were measured at regular intervals. PFTs after 12 months were comparable between the groups, except for reduced per cent of predicted carbon monoxide lung diffusing capacity with inhaled insulin (difference: -2.03%, P = 0.04) occurring after the first 3 months and then stabilizing. There were no apparent treatment differences in chest X-rays. Overall risk of hypoglycaemia [risk ratio (RR) 1.02, P = 0.83] and adverse events were comparable between groups. Risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia was higher in the inhaled group (RR 1.58, P = 0.001). Cough [10% (inhaled); 3% (s.c.)] tended to be mild in nature. Inhaled insulin was non-inferior to s.c. insulin for change in glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) after 12 months [difference 0.18% (CI 95% -0.04; 0.39)]. At trial end, mean laboratory measured fasting plasma glucose was lower in the inhaled group (inhaled 9.2 mmol/l; s.c. 11.7 mmol/l; difference: -2.53 mmol/l, P < 0.001). The safety and efficacy results in this trial were similar to those reported with other inhaled insulins; however, inhaled insulin using AERx((R)) iDMS requires further optimization to reduce nocturnal hypoglycaemia before it has comparable safety and efficacy to s.c. insulin aspart. Diabet. Med. 26, 260-267 (2009).
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| 3. |
- Beck, R., et al.
(author)
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GPSDTN : Predictive velocity-enabled delay-tolerant networks for arctic research and sustainability
- 2007
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In: Second International Conference on Internet Monitoring and Protection (ICIMP 2007). - Los Alamitos, Calif : IEEE Computer Society Press. - 9780769529110
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A Delay-Tolerant Network (DTN) is a necessity for communication nodes that may need to wait for long periods to form networks. The IETF Delay Tolerant Network Research Group is developing protocols to enable such networks for a broad variety of Earth and interplanetary applications. The Arctic would benefit from a predictive velocity-enabled version of DTN that would facilitate communications between sparse, ephemeral, often mobile and extremely power-limited nodes. We propose to augment DTN with power-aware, buffer-aware location- and time-based predictive routing for ad-hoc meshes to create networks that are inherently location and time (velocity) aware at the network level to support climate research, emergency services and rural education in the Arctic. On Earth, the primary source of location and universal time information for networks is the Global Positioning System (GPS). We refer to this Arctic velocity-enabled Delay-Tolerant Network protocol as "GPSDTN" accordingly. This paper describes our requirements analysis and general implementation strategy for GPSDTN to support Arctic research and sustainability efforts
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