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- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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Ethical Aspects of Risk Decisions
- 1999
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Ingår i: Novakova (ed.), Amalgam and Health - New Perspectives on Risks. - Stockholm : Forskningsrådsnämnden. ; , s. 160-164
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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Genetic Treatment and Preselection. Ethical Similarities and Differences
- 1999
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Ingår i: Nordgren, A (ed.), Gene Therapy and Ethics, Studies in Bioethics and Research Ethics No. 4, Uppsala 1999: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. - Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. - 915544640X ; , s. 159-173
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Medical genetic interventions can be performed in two ways. First, genetic defects may be repaired (gene therapy). Secondly, a possible future individual (an embryo or a possible combination of gametes) may be preselected because of its favourable genetic make-up (by using genetic diagnostic methods and procedures from reproductive medicine so called Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis). The first kind of intervention means that someone gets medical treatment in the normal sense, however, the second kind does not. Rather, in that case, the potential patient is exchanged for another individual who is in no need of treatment. The paper explores to what extent arguments for and against these kinds of genetic intervention apply equally to all of them. For example, may the benefits that can be achieved through gene therapy be equally well achieved through genetic preselection? Are fears of a resurrection of eugenic practices through gene technology more warranted regarding therapeutic interventions than regarding preselective ones (or vice versa)? Since genetic preselection is an intervention at the germ-line level and is presently clinically applied: How is it possible to motivate that clinical application of germ-line gene therapy is not similarily permitted?
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- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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Informed Consent and Quality of Available Information
- 1998
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Ingår i: Fourth World Congress of the International Association of Bioethics, Tokyo, November 4-7, 1998.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Standard versions of the requirement of informed consent state that patients who are offered to enter a clinical trial of a medical procedure should be informed about risks and possible benefits of this procedure (compared to available alternatives) in order to facilitate a rational decision whether or not to participate. However, in many real cases where new medical procedures are to be clinically tested for the first time the information available for such communication to prospective patients is very scarce, vague and/or uncertain. This phenomenon is illustrated by the clinical introduction of new procedures in reproductive medicine, such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Regarding such procedures, it has ben argued that, in such cases, the quality of the available information may be too low for the obtaining of informed consent to be possible, even if it is successfully communicated. Others, instead, holds that informed consent may always be obtained regardless of the quality of the available information. Unfortunately, the standard litterature on informed consent give no clue as to which of these interpretations is correct. This issue is explored by connecting the concept of informed consent to ethical ideas of respect for autonomy and ideas of rational decision making. It is argued, first, that low quality of available information regarding the risks and possible benefits of a medical procedure may indeed make the obtaining of informed consent from patients to undergo this procedure impossible even in theory. However, it is also argued that whether or not this is the case must be relativized to the actual needs and desires of individual patients. Thus, regarding one and the same procedure, informed consent may be impossible to obtain from some patients due to the low quality of the available information regarding this procedure, but still be possible to obtain from other patients.
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- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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ntroduktion av PGD i Sverige i etisk belysning
- 1997
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Ingår i: 1st Swedish National Workshop on Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset, Göteborg 1997..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 11. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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On Choosing Children
- 1998
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Ingår i: Kampits, P, Kokai, K & Weiberg, A (eds.), Applied Ethics. Papers of the 21st International Wittgenstein Symposium, vol. 2. - Kirchberg am Wechsel : Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 12. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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Pure Selection. The Ethics of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Choosing Children without Abortion
- 1999
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Preimplantation ge¬netic diagnosis (PGD) is taken to mark the starting-point of a new phase in human reproduction, where the possibility of choosing children on genetic grounds without having to resort to ethi¬cally controversial procedures (such as abortion) will grad¬ually increase. Ethical and political issues actu¬alised by this develop¬ment are addressed. The discussion touches upon issues regarding the moral status of em¬bryos and gametes, the moral import of respecting individual auton¬omy and its implications for the requirement of informed consent in health-care, the connec¬tion between sickness, dis¬ability and the value of life, the moral status of possible future people, and the connection between choosing children and eugenic policies of the past. Practical policy issues are adressed on the basis of this, as well as an empirical case-study of the intro¬duction of PGD in Sweden. The book ends up in a set of recommendations regarding the management of re¬search on, introduction and routine use of procedures for pure se¬lection, both within health care and from the point of view of society as a whole. It is argued that research on such procedures should be allowed and supported by society. However, tight restrictions regarding the clinical introduction of new procedures in this area is highly desirable. A rough model for implementing such re¬strictions is also pre¬sented. It is further asserted that, although reasons of economy and safety should limit the access to pure se¬lection, society should not apply any explicit restrictions based on ideasregarding how different traits affect a person’s quality of life. It is stressed that, in order to to avoid a re¬sur¬rection of eugenic policies of the past, the development in this field un¬der¬lines the need for continued and strengthen public support to the sick, dis¬abled and mentally retarded.
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| 14. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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Should I Stop Smoking?
- 1999
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Ingår i: Quotidian Ethics, University of Capetown, August 11-12, 1999.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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The Morality of Interference
- 1999
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Ingår i: Theoria. - 0040-5825. ; 65:1, s. 55-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 18. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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The Morality of Scientific Openness
- 1998
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Ingår i: Junker, K & Ott, K 1998, Science and the public. More than just 'doing what's right': Ethics and science, London 1998: The Open University. - London : Open University.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The ideal of scientific openness - i.e. the idea that scientific information should be freely accessible to interested parties - is strongly supported throughout the scientific community. At the same time, however, this ideal does not appear to be absolute in the everyday practice of science. In order to get the credit for new scientific advances, scientists often keep information to themselves. Also, it is common practice to withhold information obtained in commissioned research when the scientist has agreed with his or her employer to do so. The secrecy may be intended for ever, as in the military area, but also temporarily until a patent application has been made. The paper explores to what extent such secrecy is undesirable, as seems to be suggested by the ideal of scientific openness. Should this ideal be interpreted as having certain exceptions which make the above-mentioned practices acceptable? Are there, on closer inspection, good arguments for the ideal of scientific openness, and for officially upholding it? Possible versions of the ideal of scientific openness is explored and the issue is found to be rather complex, allowing for wide variations depending on the acting parties, beneficiaries, types of information and moral requirements involved. We case that the arguments usually given in favour of this ideal are weaker than what seems to be generally believed, and that, on closer inspection, they leave plenty of room for exceptions to it. These exceptions only partly cover the actual practice of withholding scientific information, and there may still be good reason to advocate, teach and enforce the ideal of scientific openness within the scientific community.
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