| 1. |
- Al-Qadri, Ali A., et al.
(författare)
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A review of hydrogen generation through gasification and pyrolysis of waste plastic and tires : Opportunities and challenges
- 2024
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Ingår i: International journal of hydrogen energy. - : Elsevier. - 0360-3199 .- 1879-3487. ; 77, s. 1185-1204
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global annual production of plastics and tires exceeds 6.5 billion tons, with only 10% being recycled, leading to significant environmental problems. Thermochemical gasification of these waste materials offers a potential avenue for producing renewable hydrogen while harnessing underutilized carbon-based waste streams. This review highlights the research on thermochemical conversion of plastics and tires, providing key inferences regarding yield optimization, technical hurdles, and techno-economic viability. It indicates that strategic catalyst design and optimized integrated system configurations can significantly improve the hydrogen yields from plastic and tire pyrolysis/gasification. The key results of this work are that catalyzed gasification reactions show the most potential for maximizing hydrogen yield from plastic and tire waste. The related studies demonstrated that catalysts like Ni, Fe and Ce-doped mixtures can significantly increase hydrogen yield from plastic waste pyrolysis and gasification by suppressing coke formation and promoting reforming/shift reactions. Optimization of temperature, steam ratio and residence time also improves yield. Feedstock synergies exhibiting multiple reaction pathways likewise maximize yield. Computational modeling plays a valuable role by providing mechanistic insights through equilibrium and kinetic simulations. Integrated gasification with carbon/methane reforming shows potential to improve efficiency and lower costs. Techno-economic analyses indicate plastic/tire gasification may achieve cost parity with steam methane reforming through optimized integrated designs incorporating heat recovery. Integrated processes combining multiple conversion steps could further boost efficiency but require additional modeling and testing. A deeper understanding of reaction mechanisms, achieved through advanced modeling approaches, coupled with comprehensive lifecycle analyses of integrated solutions, can pinpoint optimized processing conditions and system designs capable of matching or surpassing the economic and environmental performance of conventional fossil fuel-based hydrogen production. The recommendations provided aim to guide future research prioritization, facilitating the realization of the large-scale potential inherent in waste-derived renewable hydrogen pathways.
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| 2. |
- Islam, Md. Kamrul, et al.
(författare)
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Catalytic fractionation of Palm Kernel shell with Co and Cu over zeolite HY catalysts
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. - : Elsevier. - 0165-2370 .- 1873-250X. ; 178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lignocellulosic biomass has the potential to be transformed valuable chemicals. This study extracted lignin from palm kernel shell with liquid phased oxidative fractionation in the presence of Co and Cu loaded over Zeolite HY catalysts. The oxidative fractionation was conducted at temperatures ranging from 140 °C to 180 °C, with various reaction times of 2–4 h. The GCMS analysis identified various products from the oxidative conversion including phenol derivatives (Butylated hydroxytoluene, 1,2-Benzenediol, etc.), phenolic aldehydes (Vanillin, Syringaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, etc.), and carboxylic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid etc.). At a reaction temperature of 180 °C with a 2 h reaction time, Co/Zeolite HY catalyst yielded 9.81% and Cu/Zeolite HY catalyst yielded 13.53% for phenol derivatives. The optimal yield of lignin-derived compounds was achieved with a 5 wt% catalyst loading in the context of biomass weight, particularly with a 10% metal loading of Co and Cu over Zeolite HY support. Additionally, the total yield of lignin-derived compounds obtained was 32.85% for 10%Co/Zeolite HY and 23.89% for 10%Cu/Zeolite HY, catalysts respectively. This research displays incorporating metals into zeolite support subsequently boosts their catalytic efficiency in lignin oxidation.
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| 3. |
- Kazmi, Bilal, et al.
(författare)
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Towards a sustainable future : Bio-hydrogen production from food waste for clean energy generation
- 2024
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Ingår i: Process Safety and Environmental Protection. - : Institution of Chemical Engineers. - 0957-5820 .- 1744-3598. ; 183, s. 555-567
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To address climate change, energy security, and waste management, new sustainable energy sources must be developed. This study uses Aspen Plus software to extract bio-H2 from food waste with the goal of efficiency and environmental sustainability. Anaerobic digestion, optimised to operate at 20–25 °C and keep ammonia at 3%, greatly boosted biogas production. The solvent [Emim][FAP], which is based on imidazolium, had excellent performance in purifying biogas. It achieved a high level of methane purity while consuming a minimal amount of energy, with a solvent flow rate of 13.415 m³ /h. Moreover, the utilization of higher temperatures (600–700 °C) during the bio-H2 generation phase significantly enhanced both the amount and quality of hydrogen produced. Parametric and sensitivity assessments were methodically performed at every stage. This integrated method was practicable and environmentally friendly, according to the economic assessment. H2 generation using steam reforming results in a TCC of 1.92 × 106 USD. The CO2 separation step has higher costs (TCC of 2.15 ×107 USD) due to ionic liquid washing and CO2 liquefaction. Compressor electricity consumption significantly impacts total operating cost (TOC), totaling 4.73 × 108 USD. showing its ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, optimize resource utilization, and promote energy sustainability. This study presents a sustainable energy solution that addresses climate and waste challenges.
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| 4. |
- Khan, Abdul Ahad, et al.
(författare)
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Algal biochar : A natural solution for the removal of Congo red dye from textile wastewater
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers / Elsevier. - : Elsevier. - 1876-1070 .- 1876-1089.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study was aimed at synthesizing algae-derived biochar to examine its effectiveness and adsorption capacity to remove Congo red dye. The independent variables such as dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and adsorption time were optimized by using a central composite design (CCD). An adsorption experiment was conducted to evaluate equilibrium using a detailed experimental design and characterized through XRD, TGA, SEM, EDX, and FTIR analysis. This paper also focuses on evaluating non-linear adsorption isotherm and kinetics to describe the adsorption mechanism along with applying an Artificial neural network to validate the removal efficiency. The maximum Congo red removal efficiency (96.14 %) and maximum adsorption capacity of algal biochar (186.94 mg/g) were achieved with the optimized parameters of 1 mg/L of dye concentration, 0.1 g of adsorbent dose, and 240 min of contact time. Adsorption behavior was well described by Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo-nth order. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) MLP 2–5–1 structure best validates the response. Overall, the study sheds light that Algal-derived biochar is a potential material for the elimination of Congo red dye and contributes to achieving sustainable development goals.
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| 5. |
- Khan, Arslan, et al.
(författare)
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Comprehensive investigation of almond shells pyrolysis using advance predictive models
- 2024
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Ingår i: Renewable energy. - : Elsevier. - 0960-1481 .- 1879-0682. ; 227
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research focused on comprehensive characterization and assessment of almond shells pyrolysis for bioenergy potential through thermogravimetric analysis from ambient temperature to 900 °C at different heating rates of 10, 15, and 20 °C/min in inert environment. Iso-conversional model-free methods like Friedman, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) were used for kinetic analysis. Average activation energies (Ea) evaluated using Friedman, OFW, and KAS methods were 198.45 kJ mol−1, 204.43 kJ mol−1, and 204.97 kJ mol−1, respectively. The evaluation of thermodynamic parameters, including ΔH‡, ΔG‡, and ΔS‡, was also assessed. The average values of ΔH‡, ΔG‡, and ΔS‡, were found to be 199.4 kJ mol−1, 172.17 kJ mol−1 and 42.60 kJ mol−1 respectively. The reaction mechanism was obtained from combined kinetics. A high R2 value of 0.9933 demonstrates strong agreement between the combined kinetic analysis results and the experimental data. The distribution activation energy model was assessed employing four pseudo elements identified as PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Boosting regression trees (BRT) were used for the prediction of Ea of almond shells pyrolysis. The detailed understanding of thermokinetics and creating customized predictive and innovative modelling techniques like ANN and BRT sets a new benchmark for developing customized models for thermochemical conversion of varieties of almond shells.
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| 6. |
- Naqvi, Salman Raza, et al.
(författare)
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Techno economic analysis for advanced methods of green hydrogen production
- 2024
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. - : Elsevier. - 2452-2236. ; 48
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the ongoing effort to reduce carbon emissions on a worldwide scale, green hydrogen, which is generated through environmentally responsible processes, has emerged as a significant driving force. As the demand for clean energy continues to rise, it is becoming increasingly important to have a solid understanding of the technological and economic elements of modern techniques of producing green hydrogen. In the context of green hydrogen generation understanding green hydrogen production’s techno-economic features is necessary to reduce carbon emissions and transition to a low-carbon economy associated with breakthroughs in technology, the present study examines the most fascinating and relevant aspects of techno-economic analysis. Despite challenges, green hydrogen can help the world move to a cleaner, more sustainable energy future with solid analytical frameworks and legislation.
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| 7. |
- Naveed, Muhammad Hamza, et al.
(författare)
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Cellulosic biomass fermentation for biofuel production : Review of artificial intelligence approaches
- 2024
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Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scarcity in fossil fuel reserves and their environmental impacts has forced the world towards the production of clean and environment-friendly fuels called biofuels. This review focuses on the importance of different machine learning models and optimization techniques to simulate and optimize process conditions, yield and parameters in the fermentation of cellulosic biomass from fifty recent studies. The superiority of ML models, especially ANN dominance in 70 % of studies with highest coefficient of regression over conventional techniques in the production of bioethanol and biohydrogen is comprehensively reviewed. Research gaps and studies directed toward the usage of most optimum ML models in future are directed after the sensitivity analysis with 5 % variation that suggest the stability of ML models. It is intended to spur further investigation into the development and use of ML models combined with optimization methods and CFD in the fermentation process to produce bioethanol and biohydrogen.
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| 8. |
- Naveed, M. H., et al.
(författare)
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Torrefied biomass quality prediction and optimization using machine learning algorithms
- 2024
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Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Journal Advances. - : Elsevier. - 2666-8211. ; 19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Torrefied biomass is a vital green energy source with applications in circular economies, addressing agricultural residue and rising energy demands. In this study, ML models were used to predict durability (%) and mass loss (%). Firstly, data was collected and preprocessed, and its distribution and correlation were analyzed. Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) and Ensemble Learning Trees (ELT) were then trained and tested on 80 % and 20 % of the data, respectively. Both machine learning models underwent optimization through Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for feature selection and hyperparameter tuning. GPR-PSO demonstrates excellent accuracy in predicting durability (%), achieving a training R2 score of 0.9469 and an RMSE value of 0.0785. GPR-GA exhibits exceptional performance in predicting mass loss (%), achieving a training R2 value of 1 and an RMSE value of 9.7373e-05. The temperature and duration during torrefaction are crucial variables that are in line with the conclusions drawn from previous studies. GPR and ELT models effectively predict and optimize torrefied biomass quality, leading to enhanced energy density, mechanical properties, grindability, and storage stability. Additionally, they contribute to sustainable agriculture by reducing carbon emissions, improving cost-effectiveness, and aiding in the design and development of pelletizers. This optimization not only increases energy density and grindability but also enhances nutrient delivery efficiency, water retention, and reduces the carbon footprint. Consequently, these outcomes support biodiversity and promote sustainable agricultural, ecosystem, and environmental practices.
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| 9. |
- Suparmaniam, Uganeeswary, et al.
(författare)
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Enhancing high-density microalgae cultivation via exogenous supplementation of biostimulant derived from onion peel waste for sustainable biodiesel production
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 359
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microalgae demonstrate significant potential as a source of liquid-based biofuels. However, increasing biomass productivity in existing cultivation systems is a critical prerequisite for their successful integration into large-scale operations. Thus, the current work aimed to accelerate the growth of C. vulgaris via exogenous supplementation of biostimulant derived from onion peel waste. Under the optimal growth conditions, which entailed a biostimulant dosage of 37.5% v/v, a pH of 3, an air flow rate of 0.4 L/min, and a 2% v/v inoculum harvested during the mid-log phase, yielded a maximum biomass concentration of 1.865 g/L. Under the arbitrarily optimized parameters, a comparable growth pattern was evident in the upscaled cultivation of C. vulgaris, underscoring the potential commercial viability of the biostimulant. The biostimulant, characterized through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, revealed a composition rich in polyphenolic and organo-sulphur compounds, notably including allyl trisulfide (28.13%), methyl allyl trisulfide (23.04%), and allyl disulfide (20.78%), showcasing potent antioxidant properties. Additionally, microalgae treated with the biostimulant consistently retained their lipid content at 18.44% without any significant reduction. Furthermore, a significant rise in saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was observed, with C16:0 and C18:1 dominating both bench-scale (44.08% and 14.01%) and upscaled (51.12% and 13.07%) microalgae cultures, in contrast to the control group where C18:2 was prevalent. Consequently, SFA contents reached 54.35% and 65.43% in bench-scale and upscaled samples respectively, compared to 33.73% in the control culture. These compositional characteristics align well with the requirements for producing high-quality crude biodiesel.
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| 10. |
- Taqvi, Syed Ali Ammar, et al.
(författare)
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State-of-the-Art Review of Biomass Gasification : Raw to Energy Generation
- 2024
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Ingår i: ChemBioEng Reviews. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2196-9744.
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the increasing global need for sustainable energy, biomass gasification is becoming a highly promising method for transforming raw biomass into usable energy. The present review article analyzes the essential aspects of biomass-based energy production, starting with an assessment of existing energy needs and the crucial contribution that biomass can make in fulfilling these demands. The research investigates recent advancements in several biomass gasification methods, explaining their mechanics and discussing the related difficulties. The research conducts a thorough evaluation of the efficiency, yield, and environmental consequences of biomass gasification, aiming to determine the feasibility of the technique. In addition, the study rigorously assesses the techno-economic factors of energy generation from biomass, providing valuable information on the economic viability and scalability of various biomass gasification techniques. The present study is focused on providing a comprehensive understanding of biomass gasification by analyzing current improvements and conducting a techno-economic comparison to make well-informed decisions for a sustainable energy future. This review article examines the key aspects of energy production using biomass. It begins with an evaluation of our current energy requirements and the significant role that biomass can play in meeting these demands. The research explores recent developments in various biomass gasification techniques, explaining their mechanisms and discussing the challenges that come with them. The research conducts a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness, productivity, and environmental impact of biomass gasification.
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| 11. |
- Tsangas, Michail, et al.
(författare)
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Life cycle assessment of electricity generation by tire pyrolysis oil
- 2024
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Ingår i: Process Safety and Environmental Protection. - : Institution of Chemical Engineers. - 0957-5820 .- 1744-3598. ; 186, s. 376-387
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The disposal of used vehicle tires at the end of their life time, is a significant environmental concern. There is need for specific legislative framework, regulating their disposal, after these are replaced, however, there are several options for further processing. In the framework of circular economy, recovery methods and new applications for the material are available. This paper examines the life cycle environmental impacts of the pyrolysis of End of Life (EoL) tires and the use of the produced Tire Pyrolysis Oil (TPO) for generation, presenting a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for a 17.8 MW designed generation unit in Cyprus. The boundaries of the system under study start from the receipt of shredded used tyres, and include the pyrolysis process, the electricity generation and the management of by-products, pollutants and waste for a case study about a unit designed to operate in Cyprus. Two Functional Units (FU) are used, 1 Kg of TPO and 1 MWh of produced electricity. A detailed Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) is presented and moreover, by applying the CML 2001 impact characterization method, the magnitude of a number of characterization factors are calculated for both of them. These results are compared to the respective of Light Fuel Oil (LFO) and of Cyprus grid electricity as alternatives. While, the TPO found to have lower environmental impact than LFO for all the impact categories, the production of electricity at the unit cause higher potential of depletion of abiotic resources – elements and marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential than the grid electricity. Specifically, the first, for 1 MWh produced in the unit under study, is 0.00026 kg antimony eq. and the second 171666.4 kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq., while for 1 MWh of Cyprus grid electricity they are 0.00013 kg antimony eq. and 136095.2 kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq., respectively. A contribution analysis, for these two impact categories is presented, showing that the use of urea and the production of solid waste to the unit contributes the most to both plus the exhaust gases to the second, therefore specific suggestions to minimize the contribution are formulated, available to be exploited for similar units. Moreover, concluding that the TPO use for generation could be an advantageous environmental option, recommendations for its strategic adoption are also made.
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| 12. |
- Yameen, Muhammad Zubair, et al.
(författare)
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Biodiesel production from marine macroalgae Ulva lactuca lipids using novel Cu-BTC@AC catalyst : Parametric analysis and optimization
- 2024
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Ingår i: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier. - 2590-1745. ; 23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pursuit of renewable fuels for the transportation sector, particularly for combustion engines like diesel, is crucial in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This study introduces an innovative strategy for biodiesel production utilizing marine macroalgae Ulva lactuca as the primary feedstock, emphasizing sustainability and resource efficiency. Lipids were extracted from the macroalgae via a Soxhlet process and characterized using GC–MS and FTIR to ascertain fatty acid composition and functional groups. The Cu–BTC@AC catalyst, synthesized from the lipid-extracted algae residue via pyrolysis and hydrothermal treatment, underwent characterization using SEM–EDS, XRD, and FTIR techniques. Subsequently, the Cu–BTC@AC catalyst was employed in the transesterification process to efficiently convert the extracted algal lipids into biodiesel, achieving a high yield of 92.56 % under RSM-optimized conditions: 65 °C temperature, 3.96 wt% catalyst amount, 15:1 methanol-to-lipid ratio, and 140 min reaction time. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for biodiesel production were calculated as follows: Ea = 33.20 kJ mol−1, ΔH# = 30.39 kJ mol−1, ΔS# = –165.86 J mol−1 K−1, and ΔG# = 86.48 kJ mol−1. GC–MS analysis identified a significant FAME content in the biodiesel, comprising 98.12 % of its composition. Notably, the Cu–BTC@AC catalyst exhibited excellent reusability, maintaining 80.21 % biodiesel yield after the third cycle. Moreover, physicochemical analysis of the biodiesel confirmed its compliance with ASTM D6751 specifications, underscoring its potential as a viable alternative fuel for the transportation sector.
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| 13. |
- Yameen, Muhammad Zubair, et al.
(författare)
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Harnessing the power of functionalized biochar : progress, challenges, and future perspectives in energy, water treatment, and environmental sustainability
- 2024
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Ingår i: Biochar. - : Springer. - 2524-7972 .- 2524-7867. ; 6:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The swift advancement of sustainable energy technologies, coupled with the urgent need to address environmental challenges, has generated considerable interest in the multifaceted applications of biochar materials to promote energy, water, and environmental sustainability. This comprehensive review examines recent advancements in the production and applications of functionalized biochar materials, emphasizing their pivotal roles in energy conversion and storage, wastewater treatment, CO2 reduction, soil amelioration, and the promotion of carbon neutrality within a circular economy framework. The functionalization of biochar materials involves surface chemistry and porosity modifications, achieved through techniques like templating, chemical activation, metal impregnation, or heteroatom doping. These modifications substantially enhance the catalytic activity, energy storage capacity, and cycling stability of biochar materials, making them particularly effective in diverse energy applications such as water splitting, fuel cells, and supercapacitors. Additionally, functionalized biochar materials demonstrate remarkable efficacy as catalysts and adsorbents in wastewater treatment, proficiently removing pollutants like heavy metals, organic contaminants, and nutrients, thereby facilitating resource recovery from wastewater. The review also underscores the potential of functionalized biochar materials in CO2 capture and conversion, exploring innovative strategies to augment their CO2 adsorption capacity and state-of-the-art catalytic processes for transforming captured CO2 into valuable fuels and chemicals. In summary, this review offers valuable insights into the recent advancements in biochar research, underscoring its substantial commercial potential as a versatile material contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable future.Article HighlightsThe current status of biochar research is comprehensively reviewed.The potential of biochar in energy, water, and environmental fields is critically examined.Technology readiness levels (TRLs) of various biochar-based technologies are evaluated.
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